M Part I

Question 1

refers to a test/examination performed on an asymptomatic individual

Answer 1

Screening

Question 2

Goal of Screening

Answer 2

prevent death and suffering of the disease in question thru early intervention

Question 3

Two Types of Screening

Answer 3

Opportunistic
Populational/Programmatic/Organized

Question 4

type of screening that is questionnaire based
not monitored
free by gov’t

Answer 4

Populational/Programmatic/Organized

Question 5

type of screening that frequently depends on patient risk assessment and physician consultation
-monitoring, own discretion

Answer 5

Opportunistic Screening

Question 6

Importance of Determining Risk of Developing Br CA and use that info to:

Answer 6

1. Recommend the modality
2. Frequency of modality
3. Determine whether referrals are needed for general testing/chemoprevention/prophylactic surgery

Question 7

Harms of Screening

Answer 7

1. Anxiety (false positive)
2. Harms w/ diagnostic testing after + testing
3. created overdiagnosis condition
4. Overtreatment of some tumors
5. Economic Cost

Question 8

Screening Modalities

Answer 8

Brest Awareness
Physical Exams
Risk Assessment
Screening Mammography
Screening Breast MRI
Screening Breast UTS

Question 9

screening method used in an attempt to detect early br cancer involves woman working at and feeling each breast

Answer 9

breast self assessment

Question 10

breast self evaluation [steps]

Answer 10

STEP 1
straight, hands on hips, look at mirror [look for]
-lump
-pulled in nipple
-dimpling
-redness/rash
-skin changes
-dripping
STEP 2
raise arms and look for same changes
STEP 3
-look for nipple fluid signs
[watery, milky, yellow, blood]
STEP 4
Fell whole breasts while lying down [circle, wedges, lines]
STEP 5
Feel while standing up, whole breasts, preferably in the shower

Question 11

systematic palpation and visual inspection of entire breast by health care professional

Answer 11

clinical breast evaluation

Question 12

COMPARE
sensitivity
specificity

Answer 12

ability to detect pathology
ability to provide accurate diagnosis

Question 13

CBE STEPS

Answer 13

A. Inspection
B. Axillary Nodes
C. Seated Br Examination
D. Supine Br Examination
3 min each breast

Question 14

COMPARE
younger br
older br

Answer 14

younger -diificult-glandular tissue
older-easier-fatty

Question 15

Why mammo equip is special?

Answer 15

high contrast sensitivity
high resolution
low dose

Question 16

[generator
[..] kVp required

Answer 16

20-40 KvP

Question 16

[generator]
[..] kVp required
maximum mA [..]
for homogenous x-ray beam, [..] required
[..] kW tube rating

Answer 16

20-40 KvP
200 mA
HFG -High frequency generator
3-10 kW

Question 17

materials for mammo anode or target material

Answer 17

molybdenum
rhodium
tungsten

Question 18

most common anode target material in mammo

Answer 18

molybdenum

Question 19

reasons why molybdenum is used for anode

Answer 19

-increased no. of low energy photons is produced
-high rad contrast
-specific x-ray energy required is produced

Question 20

disadv. of molybdenum

Answer 20

-less x-ray photon output
-increased mAs to maintain IR expo
-increased pt dose

Question 21

[cathode]
configured with [..] in the focusing cup to produce [..] focal spot sizes

Answer 21

dual filaments
0.3 to 0.1mm

Question 22

mammo anode angle [..]
SID [..]

Answer 22

0 TO 16°
60-65 cm

Question 23

DESCRIBE effective anode angle
[..] angle; [..] field area

Answer 23

actual anode angle plus the physical tube tilt
22-24°24030cm

Question 24

window composition

Answer 24

beryllium

Question 25

beryllium window reason for use

Answer 25

low atomic no.
low absorption less than 5 kVp

Question 26

1 mm of Be is equivalent to [..] Al material

Answer 26

0.1

Question 27

focal spot size for contact mammo [..]

Answer 27

0.3-0.4mm

Question 28

focal spot size for magnification imaging [..]

Answer 28

0.10 to 0.15 mm