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ESA2 Unknown > M&R > Flashcards

M&R Flashcards

0
Q

Type of phospholipid not based on glycerol

A

Sphingomyelin

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1
Q

Types of phospholipid head groups

A

Choline, amines, aa, sugars

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2
Q

Monomer head group sugar on phospholipid

A

Cerebrosides

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3
Q

Oligosacharides head group sugar on phospholipid

A

Gangliosides

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4
Q

How proteins and cholesterol interact in a membrane

A

Proteins separate into cholesterol poor regions

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5
Q

How cholesterol abolishes endothermic phase

A

Reduces chain motion

Reduces packaging

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6
Q

Erythrocytes cytoskeleton

A

Band 3 on Ankyrin on Spectrin

Glycoproteins A on band 4 on Actin

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7
Q

Hereditary spherocytosis

A

Depleted Spectrin

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8
Q

Hereditary eliptocytosis

A

Spectrin can’t form heterotramers and so are fragile elliptoid cells

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9
Q

Conct of Na in and out of cell

A

In - 12mM

Out - 145mM

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10
Q

In and out cont of Cl

A

In 4.2mM

Out 123mM

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11
Q

In and out cont of Ca

A

In 10 power -7 M

Out 1.5mM

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12
Q

In and out conct of K

A

In 155mM

Out 4mM

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13
Q

PMCA

A

Plasma membrane Ca ATPase
Expels 1Ca for 1H
High affinity low capacity

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14
Q

SERCA

A

Sarcoendoplasmic reticulum Ca ATPase

High affinity low capacity

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15
Q

NCX

A

Na/Ca exchanger
1ca out 3na in
Low affinity, high capacity

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16
Q

NHE

A

Na/H exchanger

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17
Q

NBC

A

Sodium bicarbonate co transporter

1NaHCO3 in, 1HCl out

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18
Q

AE

A

Anion Exchanger

1HCO3 out, 1Cl in

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19
Q

Loop diuretics

A

Reduce uptake of Na in thickascending limb

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20
Q

Bicarbonate reabsorption by proximal tubule

A

NHE pumps H into lumen
Picks up HCO3 and -> H2O and CO2
Then diffuses across and forms H2CO3 in the cell
Goes into capillary via AE

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21
Q

RMP of SMC and cardiac and skeletal

A

SMC -50

Skeletal and cardia -80/-90

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22
Q

Excitatory synapse cause…

Transmitters

A

Depolarisation

Acetylcholine and glutamate

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23
Q

Inhibitory synapses cause…

Transmitters

A

Hyperpolarisations

Glycine, GABA

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24
V gated Na chan structure
1 peptide | 4 homologous repeats of 6 transmembrane domains(one of which is V sensitive)
25
Example of a local anaesthetic and the order they affect
Procaine Small myelinated, non myelinated, large myelinated Hence sensory before motor No cross membrane in unionised form and has higher affinity for inactive Na channels
26
Release of neurotransmitters at synapse
Vesicle binds to synaptotagmin, forms a snare complex
27
Eg of competitive neurotransmitter blocker
Tubocurarine, binds at Ach site
28
Eg of depolarising blockers and how they work
Succinylcholine | Maintain depolarisation at post synaptic, hence accommodation
29
Eg of Ca buffers
Parvalbumin, calbindin, calsequestrin
30
How mitochondria replenishes SR Ca store
SOC, store operated Ca channels
31
Action of tyrosine kinase
Autophosphorylates itself Activates trans ducking proteins then enzymes by tyrosine phosphorylation OR directly to enzymes with SH2 domains
32
G protein full name
Guanine nucleotide binding protein
33
How intra cellular receptors remain inactive
Heat shock or chaperone proteins in their resting state
34
Define pinocytosis
Invagination of plasma membrane to form a lipid vehicle so restore its size
35
Name a virus that abuses the shit out of RME
Cholera and diphtheria
36
Gq effects
PIP2 -> IP3 and DAG | IP3 acts on ER receptors, increases Ca in cytoplasm
37
Rhodopsin effect
Gt, | Cyclic GMP to 5'- GMP
38
Gs final effects in general
Increase glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, relaxation of SMC, positive ionotrophy and chronotropic,
39
Increased phospholipase C action
Contraction of cell
40
how cholera targets G proteins
G alpha ATPase is inactivated hence G protein irreversibly active
41
How pertussus toxin effects G proteins
Interferes with GDP/GTP exchange so irreversibly inactive
42
How effects of G protein are cancelled
G protein phosphorylates agonist so it is now inactive | High rate of enzymes to return the cell to its basal state
43
How B1 acts on heart
Increases activity of VOCCs via Gs, influx of Ca so positive ionotropy
44
Mew opioid receptor activators and how
Opioids or analgesics (morphine) can couple to Galpha and interact with VOCCs reducing neurotransmitter release
45
Response conct curves, drug axis
Log
46
Difference fe between drug and conct response curves
Drug used for tissues | Dose for whole organism
47
EC50 is a measure of...
Potency | A combination of affinity, efficacy and no of receptors
48
2 asthma drugs and their properties
Salbutamol - poor B2 selectivity, but great efficacy and route of admin Salmeterol - great B2 selectivity but no selective efficacy
49
Partial agonists
Cannot produce Emax
50
Mew opioid agonists for pain relief and an antagonist
Buprenorphine is partial agonist so causes less respiratory depression then morphine, but it might not be sufficient pain relief Antagonist to prevent resp depression is naloxone (eg of reversible competitive antagonism)
51
Eg of irreversible competitive antagonism
Phenoxybenzamine, used for hypertension from adrenal tumour, as NA causes too much vasoconstriction
52
Definition of pharmacokinetics
What the body does to the drug
53
Therapeutic Ratio
LD50/ED50
54
Drug distribution
Theoretical volume at which a drug has distributed assuming that this occurs instantly
55
Object and precipitnt drugs
Object (class1) used at lower dose than albumin binging sites Precipitant (class2) used at no of binding sites so displacing object drug, Causes higher risk of toxicity
56
First order kinetics
Conct drug < Km Metab proportional to conct of drug Straight line on log scale, curve on normals. Gives predictable therapeutic response
57
Zero order kinetics
Conct drug > Km Enzyme saturated, rate of decline of drug is constant regardless of conct of drug Straight line on normal graph Therapeutic ratio can escalate quickly
58
Loading dose
If an immediate response is used
59
Enzyme inducer and inhibitor on warfarin
Phenobarbitone induces | Cimetidine inhibits enzyme activity on it
60
Weak acids in the kidney
Stay in tubule if urine is alkaline as it becomes ionised eg aspirin Visa versa for bases eg amphetamine

ESA2 Unknown (3 decks)

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