MoD

Question 0

Action of p53

Answer 0

Causes release of cytochrome C from mitochondria. (Usually prevented by Bcl2)
This interacts with APAF1 and caspase 9 to form the apoptosome

Question 1

Changes to cells under light microscope after cell injury

Answer 1

Decreased pink staining as swelling, then increased as ribosomes detach

Question 2

Name the death ligand in apoptosis

Answer 2

TRAIL

Question 3

Dystrophic calcification

Answer 3

Calcification occurs in an area of dying tissue

Question 4

Metastatic calcification

Answer 4

Calcification occurs in living tissue

Question 5

Aspirin overdose consequences

Answer 5

Causes respiratory alkalosis,

Compensatory metab acidosis, also increase in lactate, pyruvate and ketone bodies

Question 6

Anti inflammatory drugs

Answer 6

NSAIDS: Aspirin and ibuprofen, blocks the action of prostaglandins and Eicosanoids

Question 7

Appearance of a simple plaque

Answer 7

Raised and yellow, irregular outline, widely distributed

Question 8

Describe complicated plaque

Answer 8

Thrombosis, haemorrhage into plaque, calcification, aneurysm formation

Question 9

Process of atheroma formation

Answer 9

Endothelial injury causes platelet adhesion that releases PDGF, SMC proliferation and migration of macrophages, the accumulation of lipid converts these to foam cells that release cytokines promoting further SMC stimulation and recruitment of other inflammatory cells

Question 10

Arterial thrombi appearance

Answer 10

Pale, granular, lines of Zahn, low cell content

Question 11

Appearance of Venous thrombi

Answer 11

Deep red, soft, gelatinous, high cell content

Question 12

Possible out comes of a thrombus

Answer 12

Lysis, propagation, recanalisation, organisation, embolism

Question 13

Mechanism of Heparin

Answer 13

Cofactor for anti thrombin 3

Question 14

Mechanism of warfarin

Answer 14

Interferes with vit K dependant clotting factors

Question 15

DIC

Answer 15

Disseminated intra vascular coagulation

Question 16

Haemophilia A and B

Answer 16

A is 8, B is 9

Question 17

What protein governs the check point of G1

Answer 17

Retinoblastoma protein

Question 18

Apoplasia

Answer 18

Complete failure of a specific tissue or organ to develop

Question 19

Hypoplasia

Answer 19

Incomplete development of a tissue or organ

Question 20

Define neoplasm

Answer 20

Abnormal growth of cells that persists after initial stimulus is removed

Question 21

Some cellular effects of neoplasm

Answer 21

Nuclear hyperchromasia and more pleomorphism

Question 22

Benign neoplasm of epithelia

Answer 22

Papilloma

If glandular adenoma

Question 23

Malignant epithelial neoplams

Answer 23

Carcinoma

Skin is basal cell

Question 24

Benign and malignant neoplasm of CT

Answer 24

-Oma, -sarcoma

Question 25

Names of types of CT neoplasms | SMC, fibrous, nerve, nervous sheath

Answer 25

Leiomy-, Fibro- Neurofibro- Neurilemma-

Question 26

Glial cell neoplasm

Answer 26

Benign - glioma | Malignant - malignant glioma

Question 27

Lymphoid neoplasm

Answer 27

Lymphoma

Question 28

Haemopoietic neoplasm

Answer 28

Leukaemia

Question 29

Plasma cell neoplasm in bone marrow

Answer 29

Myeloma

Question 30

Neoplasm in nut sack

Answer 30

Teratoma

Question 31

Neoplasm in ovary

Answer 31

Benign teratoma

Question 32

What do neoplasm secret to digest basement membrane?

Answer 32

Matrix metalloproteinase

Question 33

What does hypoxia in a neoplasm cause

Answer 33

Release of VEGF stimulating angiogenesis

Question 34

How to carcinomas spread?

Answer 34

Lymph

Question 35

How do sarcomas spread?

Answer 35

Blood

Question 36

Comman sites for metastasis?

Answer 36

Lung, bone, liver, brain

Question 37

Haematological systemic effects of a neoplasm

Answer 37

Anaemia, decreased white cell and platelet count, thrombosis

Question 38

Systemic effects of neoplasm to skin

Answer 38

Jaundice,increased pigmentation, itching

Question 39

What is the local killing factor of neoplasms?

Answer 39

Increased ICP, perforation, haemorrhage

Question 40

Example of neoplasm initiators

Answer 40

Aromatic hydrocarbons and amines | Asbestos

Question 41

What enzyme convers pro carcinogens to carcinogens?

Answer 41

Cytochrome P460

Question 42

Difference between familial and sporadic mutations of retinoblastoma

Answer 42

Familial already has one gene so only requires one hit | Somatic has none, so both mutations to TSG genes required

Question 43

How is Ras involved in cancer?

Answer 43

Produces a G protein, relays signal to push the cell past check points umchecked

Question 44

Xerodermo pigmentosum

Answer 44

Unable to repair DNA from UV damage so causes skin cancer | Autosomal recessive

Question 45

Hereditary non kyphosis colon cancer

Answer 45

Autosomal dominant Increases colon carcinoma Cannot mismatch repair

Question 46

Familial breast carcinoma

Answer 46

BRCA1/2 gene not activve (they are TSG)

Question 47

6 hallmarks of cancer

Answer 47

Self sufficient in growth signals eg HER2 Resistant to anti growth signals Grow indefinitely eg telomerase gene activation Sustained angiogenesis Resistance to apoptosis by BCL2 translation Invade and produce metastasis

Question 48

THM scale

Answer 48

T is size N is how many nodes affected M is metastasis or not

Question 49

Using TNM define stages of cancer

Answer 49

1 - T1/2, N0, M0 2 - T3/4, N0, M0 3 - Tany, N1, M0 4 - T any, N any, M1

Question 50

Describe Ann Arbor scaling and what type of cancers it is for

Answer 50

Liquid cancers 1 - 1 lymph node 2 - 2 lymph nodes on same side of diaphragm 3 - 2 lymph nodes on either side of diaphragm 4 - multiple foci

Question 51

Describe Duke's system

Answer 51

A is invasion into bowel B is invasion through bowel wall C is lymph nodes involved D is mets

Question 52

Bloom Richardson grading

Answer 52

Tubule formation Nuclear variation Number of mitosis

Question 53

What is methotrexate

Answer 53

Anti folate, inhibits DNA synthesis

Question 54

What is cyclophosphamide

Answer 54

Cross links 2 strands of DNA and prevents mitosis

Question 55

Hormone therapy for cancer

Answer 55

Tamoxifen - antagonism of oestrogen in breast Herceptin - blocks HER2 receptor Deprive prostate cancers of testosterone

Question 56

Name a tumour marker

Answer 56

HCG from teratogens | Alpha fetoprotin from carcinoma

Question 57

Problems with screening

Answer 57

Lead time bias Length bias Over diagnosis