M1 Cellula Flashcards
(97 cards)
1
Q
O que e que a cellula?
A
a célula é um bloco estrutural que mantém todas as
características fundamentais da vida
2
Q
Pick which ones are true:
All cells:
a)Do not store their hereditary information as the double helix strand DNA
b)replicate this hereditary information
c) Transcribe parts of their hereditary info to RNA
d) Not all cells use proteins as catalysts
e) All cells translate RNA into protein the same way
A
BCE
3
Q
Phototropic organisms are
A
Organisms that get food directly from sunlight
4
Q
Lipotrophic organisms
A
Get energy from inorganic chemicals in environment
5
Q
O que distingue um ser vida?
as 4-5 caracterisadas
A
Reproducao, homeostatis, organizacao, producao, sinalizacao
6
Q
5 universal characteristics of cells
A
- rodeadas por uma membrana plasmatica
-posses hereditary information that goes from DNA–RNA–Proteins
-Unique Common chemistry–carbon
-Proteins guarantee the construction and function - Require energy to maintain organism and homeostasis
7
Q
The hydrophilic part of the cell membrane is made up of
A
Phosphate part of phospholipid
8
Q
The hydrophobic part of the bilayer is made up of
A
Acidos gordos- fatty acids
9
Q
4 families of macromolecules that all cells consist:
A
Proteinas, polissacaridos, lipidos, acidos nucleicos
10
Q
DNA is stored in portions called
A
Genes
11
Q
What happens in
Duplication
A
The DNA is photocopied into another DNA
12
Q
What happens in transcription?
A
RNA is made from DNA
13
Q
What happens in Translation?
A
Protein is made from RNA
14
Q
Whats the difference between RNA and DNa
A
DNA is double stranded while RNA is single stranded
15
Q
RNA is made up of ____ while Proteins are made up of ___
A
Nucleotides and Amino acids
16
Q
A Nucleotide is made up of ___, ___ and ___
A
Sugar(ribose or deoxyribose), Base (nitrogen containing ) and phosphate group
17
Q
What are the nitrogen containing bases or DNA? and RNA?
A
ACGT ; ACGU
18
Q
Work that protein does
A
Enzymes, transporters, receptors, regulators, defence
19
Q
What is the main carrier of free energy in the cell?
A
ATP
20
Q
5 process that use ATP
A
- active transport
-biosynthesis of components of cell - establishing 3D conformation of proteins
-Cellular movements - Cell division
21
Q
component of ATP
A
Phosphate, ribose, adenine
22
Q
A arvore da vida e organizada em tres ramos
A
Bacteria, Archea, Eukarya
23
Q
What are the common ancestor of bacteria?
A
Arqueias e Eucariontes
24
Q
What are procaryotes ?
A
Bacteria and Archea
25
a differencia entre o procarioticas e o eucarioticas?
Pro- nao tem nucleo
- smaller in length than eu
-no organelles
-has a unique molecule of DNA not associated w proteins
-small ribosomes
-RNA is made in the cytoplasm together with proteins
-doesnt have a chromatid fuse in cell division while eu has
generally unicellular
26
what characterizes eucariotes?
Protists, fungi, plants and animals
27
Procariotes can have other structures like:
Membranas fotossinteticas,
Pili ou fimbriae- to help cells adher to each other
Cilia or flagella- for movement
28
Gram positive bacteria
Cell wall have outer peptidoglycan layer and inner plasma membrane
29
Gram negative bacteria
Have outer membrane (with pore forming proteins) , inner peptidoglycan layer and then inner plasma membrane
30
what color does gram positive retain?
Cristal Violeta
31
A parede cellular de Arqueias :
Sem peptidoglicano e algumas arqueias nao tem parede cellular
-maioria termofilicas (thrive in relatively high temperatures
32
what organelles are throught to have common origin in the cell?
Involucro nuclear, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi e Lisossomas
33
Celula eucariotica ancestral possui:
Anaerobic cell from an archaeon + aerobic bacteria= AEROBIC Cell with nucleus and an internal membrane, mitochondria with two membranes
34
Celula eucariotica vegetal ancestral possui:
Early aerobic eucaryotic cell +photosynthetic bacterium= Eucaryotic cell capable of photosynthesis plus chloroplasts
35
What is the oldest part of the cell?
Nucleus
36
o que e que e o hipotese de endocariose?
e que uma bacteria ancestral endocitou uma arqueia that led to the origin of the nucleus
37
azoto e
Nitrogen
38
seres vivos
living beings
39
low atomic weight in portuguese
Baixo peso atomico
40
Os caracteristicos de agua em fase liquida e
- coesão
- alta tensão superficial
- alto ponto de ebulição
(ponto de fusão e
ebulição distantes)
41
what is the negatively charged part of a water molecule?
Oxygen
42
Pontes de hidrogenio pode ser entre os tipos :
Two different parts of a macromolecule
Between groups of two macromolecules
And water
43
Substancias hidrofilicas sao
substancias que se dissolvem prontamente em agua
-ioes e moleculares polares
44
Qual substancias que nao tem estabelecimento de interacoes entre os dois tipos de moleculas?
Substancias hidrofobicas
45
Qual tipo de ligacao que as substancias hidrofobicas teem?
Ligacoes apolares
46
Qual elemento e invulgar porque sua capacidade de formar grandes moleculas?
Carbono
47
Os C-C ligacoes
podem formar ligacoes altamente estaveis
48
o que e que o nome de grupos funcionais baixo
- SH ; -NH2 ; -C=O ; -OH
Sulfidrilo; amina; carbonilo; hidroxilo
49
compounds em portugues
compostos
50
compounds that are not used in making macromolecules but are essential in metabolism
ATP, NAD, CoA (coenzyme A)
51
Qual tipo de ligacoes que relacao 2 monossacarideos ?
Ligacao glicosidica
52
Os monossacarideos podem ser em 4 formas
-Cadeia linear
-forma intermediaria
- Alpha glucose
- Beta glucose
53
Alpha glucose has it's orientation:
where it has 1 and 4 hydroxyl groups located on the same side
54
Beta glucose has it's
1 and 4 hydroxyl groups located on opposite sides
55
How are alpha and beta esterioisomers formed?
The aldehyde or ketone group of the linear form of monossacharide can react with the hydroxyl group of the same molecule to form a ring; this ring can have two different positions alpha and beta
56
What makes up a glycosidic linkage?
acarbon with an aldehyde or ketone group react with a hydroxyl group of another monosacharide
57
Name three polysacharides:
Amilose, amilopectine, Glycogen
58
what are the polysaccharides reserved in animals called? and plants?
Glycogen
Amylopectin and amylose
59
qual tipo de ligacao que unidas de formar cellulose?
Beta 1,4
60
what polysacharides have bonds : 1-4 and 1-6
Amylopectin and Glycogen
61
what four elements make up macromolecules?
C, H, N, O
62
What makes lipids insoluble in water?
Because of the presence of many apolar covalent bonds
63
funcoes de lipidos
- Armazenamento de energia em forma de triglicerideos
-Composicaso das membranas celulares as fosfolipidos
-Absorcaso da luz as carotenoides
-Transmissao de sinais as esteroides
64
Triglicerideos liquidos tem qual tipo de acidos gordos?
insaturados
65
qual tipo de lipidos formar vitaminas?
Terpenoides
66
aminoacidos tem dois tipos de grupos funcionais em mesmo carbono:
Amino e carboxilo
67
What component of the protein is responsible for it's specificity?
the side chain group
68
How is peptide bond formed?
The carbon in the carboxylic group of an amino acid joins with the nitrogen of the amino group and removes water to form a peptide bond
69
what part of the polypeptide is the beginning and serves as the extremity for nascent chain when protein is synthesized?
N-terminal
70
what is an alpha carbon?
it is next to a functional group in an organic compound
71
what type fo macromolecule can rotate? and why
because of the bonds of the functional groups next to the carbon
72
there are three types of attractions or linkages that make up the 3D conformation of proteins:
- electrostatic attractions between electrpositive and electronegative electrons (ionic bonds)
-Hydrogen bonds, between hydrogen and oxygen
- Van der waals attractions (forces between non polar molecules)
73
In 3D The polypeptide is arranged as of:
Polar side chains on the exterior to connect with water
Non polar side chains on the inetrior making it hydrophobic
74
Em proteinas, o estrutura secundaria constitui :
Helice alfa e folha beta
Hydrogen bond coming from the H atom from the amine group and the O atom from the carboxyl group
75
Estrutura terciaria de Proteinas constitui:
Uma cadeia polipeptidica from the interactions between the side chains of the aminoacids
76
Estrutura quaternaria constituida
varias cadeias polipeptidicas
77
Acidos nucleicos teem qual tipo de ligacoes?
Ligacoes covalentes
78
como e que nos vamos estudar os componentes das celulas?
Fracionamento celular
Purificacao
Analise
79
Como e que nos vamos estudar as celulas
-Isolamento e cultura de celulas
- Microscopica otica e eletronica
Tecnologia do DNA recombinante
Genomica
80
rotura
breakage
81
como e que os tipo de fracionamento celular
-Homogeneizacao- para rotura das celulas
-Centrifugacao- para seperacao das fracoes subcelulares
82
O sobrenadante no centrifugacao tem
componentes mais pequenos enquanto o sedimento tem componentes maiores
83
No centrifugacao fracionada, qual parte de cell e fracionada?
nuclei
84
arrange these in order of highest to lowest limit of resolution
M.otica; M. de super resolucao, M. electronica; olho humano
Olho humano-- M.otica-- M. de super resolucao-- M. Eletronica
85
Qual e os dois limitacoes de m. otica? Solucoes?
Espessura (em ingles?) e transparencia
Espessura- fazer cortes finos
Transarencia- Coloracoes, marcacoes especificas, especias de microscopia
86
Imunocitoquimica direita utilize
um anticorpo ligado a um marcador detetavel por microscopia
87
Imunolocalizacao utilize
Anticorpo primario---anticorpio secundario---marcador
88
qual tipo de imunolocalizaco permite amplificacao do sinal de detecao? como?
Indireta
89
qual tipo de imunolocalizacao permite maior versatilidade na utilizacao dos anticorpos primarios?
Indireta
90
what are the types of markers that can be used for imunolocalization?
Ouro coloidal (Gold)
Enzymes
Colourants (Corantes)
Flourochromes
91
what are the examples of enzymatic markers for imunolocalization?
Peroxidase
Alkaline phosphatase
92
what does these secondary flourescence colours mean?
Azul; Verde ?
Azul: Paredes celulares com calcofluor
Verde :Antibodies or proteins in living cells
93
How does proteina fluorescente verde emit green light
when aequorin from the jellyfish is activated (by calcium) it emits blue light which is absorbed by the Green flourescent protein to give green light
94
how does flourescente molecules work?
they absorb light in a specific wavelight and emit light in a wavelength that is more longer than the absorbed
95
how is the green flourescent protein used?
The GFP fuses with the gene of interest(from the protein of interest)
Then the transformation happens which leads to the synthesis of protein fussed with this colour
then it can be seen
96
What kind of microscope is used to observe proteina flourescente verde?
Microscopio de Fluorescencia ou confocal microscope
97
