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FCM > M1: Epidemics > Flashcards

M1: Epidemics Flashcards

0
Q

Constant presence of an agent or health condition within a given geographic area or population. Usual prevalence of an agent or condition.

A

Endemic

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1
Q

Occurrence of more cases of disease, injury or other health condition than expected in a given area or among a specific group of persons during a particular period. Usually the cases are presumed to have a common cause or to be related to one another in some way.

A

Epidemic

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2
Q

An epidemic occurring over a widespread area (multiple countries or continents)

A

Pandemic

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3
Q

Pattern of spread, magnitude, outliers, time trend & exposure and/or disease incubation period.

A

Epidemic curve

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4
Q

Time from infection to clinical manifestation

A

Incubation period

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5
Q

Time from exposure to infection to the shortest time when there is infected

A

Minimum incubation period

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6
Q

Time of exposure to the last disease clinical manifestation

A

Maximum incubation period

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7
Q

Time from exposure to infection to the time when the infected showed most of the manifestation

A

Average incubation period

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8
Q

Exposure continues over a longer period. Many people exposed simultaneously. No case following termination of exposure.

A

Continuing source outbreak (contaminated water supply)

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9
Q

Irregular peaks reflecting the timing and extent of exposure. Common source that is not well-controlled

A

Intermittent

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10
Q

Example of Intermittent diseases

A

Seasonal & Industrial contaminants

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11
Q

Single brief exposure that did not persist over time, all cases have single incubated period. No person to person spread.

A

Point source

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12
Q

Person to person spread. Series of progressively taller peaks, each an incubation period apart. Multiple waves of infection with secondary and tertiary cases.

A

Propagated spread

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13
Q

Illness due to a specific infectious agent or its toxic products capable of being directly or indirectly transmitted from man to man, from animal to man, from animal to animal, or from the environment to(through air, water or food) man.

A

Communicable disease

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14
Q

Epidemiologic triangle

A

Host-Agent-Environment

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15
Q

Person or other living organism that is susceptible to or harbors an infectious agent under natural conditions

A

Host

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16
Q

A factor can be a MO or chemical substance or form of energy whise presence, excessive presence or in the case of deficiency diseases, relative absence in essential for the occurrence of a disease.

A

Agent

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17
Q

An extrinsic factor that affects an agent and the opportunity for exposure.

A

Environment

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18
Q

Determine the interaction between the host, agent and environment

A

Time

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19
Q

Chain of infection

A

Causative agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal entry & susceptible host

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20
Q

Ability to cause infection (proportion of persons exposed to an infectious agent who become infected)

A

Infectivity

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21
Q

Ability to cause disease (proportion of persons infected by an agent who the experience clinical disease)

A

Pathogenicity

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22
Q

Ability to cause severe disease (proportion of persons with the disease who become severely ill or die)

A

Virulence

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23
Q

Habitat in which an infectious agent normally lives, grows and multiplies

A

Reservoir

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24
Q

Immediate transfer of an agent from a reservoir to a host by direct contact or drop spread (<1m) person to person contact, contact with soil and plans

A

Direct

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25
Q

Airborne. Vector borne(mechanical or biological) live carrier examples are live carrier. Vehicle borne.

A

Indirect

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26
Q

Examples of vehicle borne

A

Inanimate objects. Food water & fomites.

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27
Q

Examples of vector borne

A

Mosquitoes, fleas & ticks

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28
Q

Universal Precaution

A

Hand hygiene & Personal protective equipment

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29
Q

Uses an agent on living tissue

A

Disinfection

30
Q

Uses an agent on non living tissue

A

Sterilization

31
Q

Epidemic & Outbreak are the same and interchangeable. T/F?

A

True

32
Q

New cases

A

Incidence

33
Q

Old and new cases

A

Prevalence

34
Q

Gives a graphical display of the numbers of incident cases in an outbreak or epidemic, plotted over time.

A

Epidemic Curve

35
Q

Things that can be identified in Epidemic curve

A

Pattern of spread, Magnitude, Outliers, Time trend & Exposure and/or disease incubation period “PMOTE”

36
Q

Single, brief exposure that did not persist over time. All cases have single incubation period. No person to person spread.

A

Point source outbreak

37
Q

Exposure continues over a long period. Many people exposed simultaneously. No case following termination of exposure.

A

Continuing source outbreak

38
Q

Seasonal or weather-related. Industrial contaminant emitted at interval. Irregular peaks reflecting the timing and extent of exposure. Common source that is not well controlled.

A

Intermittent outbreaks

39
Q

Person to person spread. Series of progressively taller peaks, each an incubation period apart. Multiple waves of infection with secondary and tertiary cases.

A

Propagated spread

40
Q

Illness due to a specific infectious (biological) agent or its toxic products capable of being directly or indirectly transmitted from man to man, animal to man & vice versa and environment.

A

Communicable Disease

41
Q

A factor or form of energy whose presence, excessive presence, or in the case of deficiency diseases, relative absence is essential for the occurrence of a disease or other adverse health.

A

Agent

42
Q

Person or other living organism that is susceptible to or harbors an infectious agent under natural conditions.

A

Host

43
Q

An extrinsic factor (e.g. geology, climate, insects, sanitation or health services) that affects an agent and the opportunity for exposure.

A

Environment

44
Q

Causative agent

A

Pathogen

45
Q

Anything (a person, animal, plant or substance) in which an infectious agent normally lives or multiplies.

A

Reservoir

46
Q

A way for the causative agent to be released from the reservoir.

A

Portal of Exit

47
Q

Way that the causative agent can be transmitted to another reservoir or host where it can live

A

Mode of transmission

48
Q

Refers to the method by which the pathogen enters the body

A

Portal of Entry

49
Q

One whose biologic defense mechanisms are weakened in some way

A

Susceptible Host

50
Q

Short distance & bigger particle

A

Droplet spread

51
Q

Travels for longer distance and small particle

A

Airborne

52
Q

Ability to cause infection (proportion of persons exposed to an infectious agent who become infected)

A

Infectivity

53
Q

Ability to cause disease (proportion of persons infected by an agent who the experience clinical disease)

A

Pathogenicity

54
Q

Ability to cause severe disease (proportion of persons with the disease who become severely ill or die)

A

Virulence

55
Q

Habitat in which an infectious agent normally lives, grows and multiplies

A

Reservoir

56
Q

Immediate transfer of an agent from a reservoir to a host by direct contact or droplet spread (<1m) Person to person contact. Contact with soil & plants.

A

Direct

57
Q

Can be airborne, vehicle borne or vector borne

A

Indirect

58
Q

Live carrier like mosquitoes

A

Vector borne

59
Q

Example is a fomite

A

Vehicle-borne

60
Q

The parasite passes through a stage of its life cycle in the host’s body. E.g. Malaria

A

Biological transmission

61
Q

The vector simply carries the parasite in or on its body from one host to another; virus & bacteria are transmitted this way.

A

Mechanical transmission

62
Q

Universal Precaution: ______ hygiene.

A

Hand

63
Q

Universal Precaution: Personal ________ equipment.

A

Protective

64
Q

Universal Precaution: Handle & dispose of _______ safely.

A

Sharps

65
Q

Universal Precaution: Dispose of __________ safely.

A

Contaminated waste

66
Q

Universal Precaution: Managing ________ & ________. Spillages and collection and transport of specimens.

A

Blood & Body fluids

67
Q

Universal Precaution: __________ equipment including cleaning, disinfection & sterilization.

A

Decontaminating

68
Q

Universal Precaution: Maintaining a _______ clinical environment.

A

Clean

69
Q

Universal Precaution: Prevention of __________ exposure to infection and managing sharp injuries and blood splash incidence.

A

Occupational

70
Q

Universal Precaution: Manage _______ safely.

A

Linen

71
Q

Universal Precaution: Place patients with infections in appropriate ________.

A

Accomodation

72
Q

Is used to protect a patient whose resistance to infection is severely lowered by a disease or treatment such as chemotherapy.

A

Reverse isolation

73
Q

Risk Factors of NCD

A

Harmful use of alcohol, Insufficient physical activity, Tobacco & Unhealthy diet “HITU”

FCM (4 decks)

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