M1: Epidemics

Question 0

Constant presence of an agent or health condition within a given geographic area or population. Usual prevalence of an agent or condition.

Answer 0

Endemic

Question 1

Occurrence of more cases of disease, injury or other health condition than expected in a given area or among a specific group of persons during a particular period. Usually the cases are presumed to have a common cause or to be related to one another in some way.

Answer 1

Epidemic

Question 2

An epidemic occurring over a widespread area (multiple countries or continents)

Answer 2

Pandemic

Question 3

Pattern of spread, magnitude, outliers, time trend & exposure and/or disease incubation period.

Answer 3

Epidemic curve

Question 4

Time from infection to clinical manifestation

Answer 4

Incubation period

Question 5

Time from exposure to infection to the shortest time when there is infected

Answer 5

Minimum incubation period

Question 6

Time of exposure to the last disease clinical manifestation

Answer 6

Maximum incubation period

Question 7

Time from exposure to infection to the time when the infected showed most of the manifestation

Answer 7

Average incubation period

Question 8

Exposure continues over a longer period. Many people exposed simultaneously. No case following termination of exposure.

Answer 8

Continuing source outbreak (contaminated water supply)

Question 9

Irregular peaks reflecting the timing and extent of exposure. Common source that is not well-controlled

Answer 9

Intermittent

Question 10

Example of Intermittent diseases

Answer 10

Seasonal & Industrial contaminants

Question 11

Single brief exposure that did not persist over time, all cases have single incubated period. No person to person spread.

Answer 11

Point source

Question 12

Person to person spread. Series of progressively taller peaks, each an incubation period apart. Multiple waves of infection with secondary and tertiary cases.

Answer 12

Propagated spread

Question 13

Illness due to a specific infectious agent or its toxic products capable of being directly or indirectly transmitted from man to man, from animal to man, from animal to animal, or from the environment to(through air, water or food) man.

Answer 13

Communicable disease

Question 14

Epidemiologic triangle

Answer 14

Host-Agent-Environment

Question 15

Person or other living organism that is susceptible to or harbors an infectious agent under natural conditions

Answer 15

Host

Question 16

A factor can be a MO or chemical substance or form of energy whise presence, excessive presence or in the case of deficiency diseases, relative absence in essential for the occurrence of a disease.

Answer 16

Agent

Question 17

An extrinsic factor that affects an agent and the opportunity for exposure.

Answer 17

Environment

Question 18

Determine the interaction between the host, agent and environment

Answer 18

Time

Question 19

Chain of infection

Answer 19

Causative agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal entry & susceptible host

Question 20

Ability to cause infection (proportion of persons exposed to an infectious agent who become infected)

Answer 20

Infectivity

Question 21

Ability to cause disease (proportion of persons infected by an agent who the experience clinical disease)

Answer 21

Pathogenicity

Question 22

Ability to cause severe disease (proportion of persons with the disease who become severely ill or die)

Answer 22

Virulence

Question 23

Habitat in which an infectious agent normally lives, grows and multiplies

Answer 23

Reservoir

Question 24

Immediate transfer of an agent from a reservoir to a host by direct contact or drop spread (<1m) person to person contact, contact with soil and plans

Answer 24

Direct

Question 25

Airborne. Vector borne(mechanical or biological) live carrier examples are live carrier. Vehicle borne.

Answer 25

Indirect

Question 26

Examples of vehicle borne

Answer 26

Inanimate objects. Food water & fomites.

Question 27

Examples of vector borne

Answer 27

Mosquitoes, fleas & ticks

Question 28

Universal Precaution

Answer 28

Hand hygiene & Personal protective equipment

Question 29

Uses an agent on living tissue

Answer 29

Disinfection

Question 30

Uses an agent on non living tissue

Answer 30

Sterilization

Question 31

Epidemic & Outbreak are the same and interchangeable. T/F?

Answer 31

True

Question 32

New cases

Answer 32

Incidence

Question 33

Old and new cases

Answer 33

Prevalence

Question 34

Gives a graphical display of the numbers of incident cases in an outbreak or epidemic, plotted over time.

Answer 34

Epidemic Curve

Question 35

Things that can be identified in Epidemic curve

Answer 35

Pattern of spread, Magnitude, Outliers, Time trend & Exposure and/or disease incubation period "PMOTE"

Question 36

Single, brief exposure that did not persist over time. All cases have single incubation period. No person to person spread.

Answer 36

Point source outbreak

Question 37

Exposure continues over a long period. Many people exposed simultaneously. No case following termination of exposure.

Answer 37

Continuing source outbreak

Question 38

Seasonal or weather-related. Industrial contaminant emitted at interval. Irregular peaks reflecting the timing and extent of exposure. Common source that is not well controlled.

Answer 38

Intermittent outbreaks

Question 39

Person to person spread. Series of progressively taller peaks, each an incubation period apart. Multiple waves of infection with secondary and tertiary cases.

Answer 39

Propagated spread

Question 40

Illness due to a specific infectious (biological) agent or its toxic products capable of being directly or indirectly transmitted from man to man, animal to man & vice versa and environment.

Answer 40

Communicable Disease

Question 41

A factor or form of energy whose presence, excessive presence, or in the case of deficiency diseases, relative absence is essential for the occurrence of a disease or other adverse health.

Answer 41

Agent

Question 42

Person or other living organism that is susceptible to or harbors an infectious agent under natural conditions.

Answer 42

Host

Question 43

An extrinsic factor (e.g. geology, climate, insects, sanitation or health services) that affects an agent and the opportunity for exposure.

Answer 43

Environment

Question 44

Causative agent

Answer 44

Pathogen

Question 45

Anything (a person, animal, plant or substance) in which an infectious agent normally lives or multiplies.

Answer 45

Reservoir

Question 46

A way for the causative agent to be released from the reservoir.

Answer 46

Portal of Exit

Question 47

Way that the causative agent can be transmitted to another reservoir or host where it can live

Answer 47

Mode of transmission

Question 48

Refers to the method by which the pathogen enters the body

Answer 48

Portal of Entry

Question 49

One whose biologic defense mechanisms are weakened in some way

Answer 49

Susceptible Host

Question 50

Short distance & bigger particle

Answer 50

Droplet spread

Question 51

Travels for longer distance and small particle

Answer 51

Airborne

Question 52

Ability to cause infection (proportion of persons exposed to an infectious agent who become infected)

Answer 52

Infectivity

Question 53

Ability to cause disease (proportion of persons infected by an agent who the experience clinical disease)

Answer 53

Pathogenicity

Question 54

Ability to cause severe disease (proportion of persons with the disease who become severely ill or die)

Answer 54

Virulence

Question 55

Habitat in which an infectious agent normally lives, grows and multiplies

Answer 55

Reservoir

Question 56

Immediate transfer of an agent from a reservoir to a host by direct contact or droplet spread (<1m) Person to person contact. Contact with soil & plants.

Answer 56

Direct

Question 57

Can be airborne, vehicle borne or vector borne

Answer 57

Indirect

Question 58

Live carrier like mosquitoes

Answer 58

Vector borne

Question 59

Example is a fomite

Answer 59

Vehicle-borne

Question 60

The parasite passes through a stage of its life cycle in the host's body. E.g. Malaria

Answer 60

Biological transmission

Question 61

The vector simply carries the parasite in or on its body from one host to another; virus & bacteria are transmitted this way.

Answer 61

Mechanical transmission

Question 62

Universal Precaution: ______ hygiene.

Answer 62

Hand

Question 63

Universal Precaution: Personal ________ equipment.

Answer 63

Protective

Question 64

Universal Precaution: Handle & dispose of _______ safely.

Answer 64

Sharps

Question 65

Universal Precaution: Dispose of __________ safely.

Answer 65

Contaminated waste

Question 66

Universal Precaution: Managing ________ & ________. Spillages and collection and transport of specimens.

Answer 66

Blood & Body fluids

Question 67

Universal Precaution: __________ equipment including cleaning, disinfection & sterilization.

Answer 67

Decontaminating

Question 68

Universal Precaution: Maintaining a _______ clinical environment.

Answer 68

Clean

Question 69

Universal Precaution: Prevention of __________ exposure to infection and managing sharp injuries and blood splash incidence.

Answer 69

Occupational

Question 70

Universal Precaution: Manage _______ safely.

Answer 70

Linen

Question 71

Universal Precaution: Place patients with infections in appropriate ________.

Answer 71

Accomodation

Question 72

Is used to protect a patient whose resistance to infection is severely lowered by a disease or treatment such as chemotherapy.

Answer 72

Reverse isolation

Question 73

Risk Factors of NCD

Answer 73

Harmful use of alcohol, Insufficient physical activity, Tobacco & Unhealthy diet "HITU"