m1: intro Flashcards by aespicy buldak

Science of the Structure and Function of the Body
Investigates the shapes and size of the bones

Anatomy

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-The study of the macroscopic structure and function of the body relating to the practice of medicine and other health sciences

More in-depth

CLINICAL ANATOMY

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The study of a minimal amount of anatomy usually consistent with the understanding of the overall structure and function of the anatomy

BASIC ANATOMY

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Universally described as an erect standing position; upper limbs by the side, feet on the ground, palms facing front

FACING FORWARD:
Head
Body
Palms
Knees

ANATOMICAL POSITION

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XY Plane

FRONTAL PLANE

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Divides the body into front and back parts

FRONTAL PLANE

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Z axis

FRONTAL PLANE

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Which type of plane

Abduction
Adduction
Radial deviation
Ulnar deviation
Lateral flexion

FRONTAL PLANE

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Median sagittal plane
YZ Plane

Sagittal Plane

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Divides the body into
right and left sides.

Sagittal Plane

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X axis

Sagittal Plane

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Which type of plane

Flexion
Extension

Sagittal Plane

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Horizontal plane
XZ Plane

Transverse Plane

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Divides the body into
upper and lower parts.

Transverse Plane

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Y axis

Transverse Plane

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Which type of plane

Internal rotation
External rotation
Pronation
Supination
Protraction
Retraction

Transverse Plane

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Toward the body’s right side

Right

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Toward the body’s left side

Left

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Down

Inferior

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Superior

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Toward the front of the body

Anterior or ventral

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Toward the back of the body

Posterior or dorsal

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Closer to a point of attachment

Proximal

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Farther from a point of attachment

Distal

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Away from the midline of the body

Lateral

Toward the middle or midline of the body

Medial +

Toward or on the surface

Superficial

Away from the surface, internal

Deep

The nose is _ to the forehead.

inferior

The mouth is _ to the chin.

superior

The teeth are _ to the throat.

The brain is _ to the eyes.

posterior

The spine is _ to the breastbone.

dorsal or anterior

The navel is _ to the spine.

ventral or posterior

Same side of the body.

Ipsilateral

Opposite side of the body.

Contralateral

Lying on the back

Supine

Lying face downward

Prone

I am lying on my back, I am in _ position.

SUPINE

My father had a stroke with the Left side of the brain but paralysis on the right side of the body. He has _ signs of symptoms

CONTRALATERAL

My foot is _ to my knee.

DISTAL

My hip is _ to my knee.

PROXIMAL

The ears are located _ to the eyes.

POSTERIOR

_ – bend _ - straighten

FLEXION EXTENSION

_ – foot towards plantar surface; foot down _ – foot towards shin/leg; foot up

PLANTARFLEXION DORSIFLEXION

_ – move away from midline _ – move towards midline

ABDUCTION ADDUCTION

_ _ – side bend

LATERAL FLEXION

_ – turn around

ROTATION

_ – palm down _ – palm up

PRONATION SUPINATION

_ _ – turning toward midline/inward _ _ – turning away from midline

MEDIAL/INTERNAL ROTATION LATERAL/EXTERNAL ROTATION

_ – combination in sequence of the movements of flexion, extension, abduction

CIRCUMDUCTION

_ – move forward _ – move backward

PROTRACTION RETRACTION

_ – big toe up _ – big toe down

INVERSION EVERSION

Superficial part of the skin _ _ whose cells become flatten as they mature and rise to the surface _ is usually thick in the hands and feet of the human body BECAUSE these are the regions na lagi nating ginagamit

Epidermis Stratified epithelium Epidermis

5 layers of the epidermis (superficial to deep):

* Stratum corneum * Stratum lucidum * Stratum granulosum * Stratum spinosum * Stratum basale

The dead and dying cells filled with mature keratin form the stratum _.

corneum

The stratum _ is normally only well seen in thick epidermis and represents a transition from the stratum granulosum to the stratum corneum.

lucidum

The cells of the stratum _ accumulate dense basophilic keratohyalin granules. These granules play an important role in aggregation of keratin filaments and formation of the cell envelope of the cells in the stratum corneum. Lamellar granules contain polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and lipids which forms the "cement" that holds the stratum corneum together.

granulosum

The stratum _ is the "prickly layer" between the stratum basale and the stratum granulosum. The keratinocytes in this layer are polyhedral in shape and have numerous, tiny, spiny projections spanning the intercellular space between contiguous cells. This layer is also home to the Langerhans' cells.

spinosum

The stratum _ provides the germinal cells or "stem cells" necessary for the regeneration of the layers of the epidermis.

basale

Deeper part of the skin Composed of dense connective tissue containing many blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves Located under the epidermis -Hair follicles -Smooth muscle -Glands -Blood vessels -Lymphatic vessels -Nerves

Dermis

The dermis of the skin is connected to the underlying deep fascia Role is to connect the dermis and deep fascia Yellowish Covering of muscle

SUPERFICIAL FASCIA /SUBCUTENEOUS TISSUE

Nail _: Proximal edge of the plate

Root

Nail _: Surface of the skin covered by the nail

Bed

Nail _: Surrounds the nail with over folding of the skin

Folds

_: grows out of follicles which are invaginations of the epidermis into the dermis

HAIR

Hair _: Body of the hair

Shaft

Hair _: Root; expanded extremities of the follicles that penetrate the dermis

Bulb

Firm, smooth, resilient Non-vascular (no blood supply) connective tissue Less or No blood vessel

CARTILAGE

FUNCTION Allows growth of long bone Forms strong, smooth, yet somewhat flexible articulating surfaces LOCATION Growing long bones Costal cartilage of ribs

HYALINE CARTILAGE

FUNCTION Slightly flexible and capable of withstanding considerable pressure Connects structures subjected to great pressure LOCATION Intervertebral disks Pubic symphysis (pelvic bone) Articular disks (knees and TMJ)

FIBROCARTILAGE

FUNCTION Provides rigidity with even more flexibility than hyaline cartilage Fibers can return to their original shape after being stretched LOCATION External ears Epiglottis Auditory tubes

ELASTIC CARTILAGE

Nasal cartilages (nose) Connects muscles to bones Ex.: _ tendon – It is thick because the gastrocnemius muscle is also thick. (common tendon)

Tendon Achilles

A cord or band of connective tissue that unites two structures Oftentimes, bone to bone connections Ex.: Anterior Talo-Fibular Ligament (ATFL) – Ankle sprain Anterior Cruciate ligament 2 TYPES OF LIGAMENT: _ LIGAMENT: prevents excessive movements in a joint _ LIGAMENT: return to original length after stretching.

LIGAMENT 1. FIBROUS 2. ELASTIC

A thin but strong sheet of fibrous tissue attached to flattened muscles

APONEUROSES

Is an interdigitation of the tedious ends of fibers of flat muscles

RAPHE

Fibrous band that holds a structure in place in the region of joints

RETINACULUM

Fluid-filled sac that works as a cushion and gliding surface to reduce friction between tissues of the body (Like balloon with water)

BURSA

Is the tubular bursa that surrounds a tendon - Tube-like bursa - protection to protect the string from tearing

SYNOVIAL SHEATH

Lies between the skin and the underlying muscles and bones Muscle to muscle connections

FASCIA

Produces the movements of the skeleton

SKELETAL MUSCLE

a living tissue capable of changing its structure as the result of the stresses to which it is subjected ● Protective function ● Lever ● Storage ● Blood formation

BONES

_ - Longer than they are wide _ - Round or nearly cube-shaped _ - Relatively thin, flattened shape and usually curved _ - Do not fit readily into other three categories _ - Patella

Long Short Flat Irregular Sesamoid

BONE FEATURES _ - Main Part _ - Enlarged, often rounded end _ - Constriction between head and body _ - Edge _ - Bend _ - Branch off the body beyond the angle _ - Smooth, rounded articular surface _ - Small, flattened articular surface

BODY HEAD NECK MARGIN, BORDER ANGLE RAMUS CONDYLE FACET

RIDGES _ - Low Ridge _ - Prominent Ridge _ - Very high Ridge

LINE, LINEA CREST, CRIST SPINE

PROJECTIONS _ - Prominent projection _ - Small, rounded bump _ - Knob; larger than a tubercle _ - Tuberosity on the proximal femur _ - Upon a condyle _ - Flat, tongue-shaped process _ - Hook-shaped process _ - Horn-shaped process

PROCESS TUBERCLE TUBEROSITY, TUBER TROCHANTER EPICHONDYLE LINGULA HEMULUS CORNU

OPENINGS _ - Hole _ - Tunnel _ - Cleft _ - Cavity

FORAMEN CANAL, MEATUS FISSURE SINUS, LABYRINTH

DEPRESSIONS _ - General term for a depression _ - Depression in the margin of a bone _ - Little pit _ - Deep, narrow depression

FOSSA NOTCH FOVEA GROOVE, ULCUS

_ – most stationary, proximal end _ – distal end attached to the bone undergoing the greatest movement _ – muscle part between origin and insertion

ORIGIN INSERTION BELLY

Produces the movements of the skeleton Location: Attached to Bone Cell Shape: Long, cylindrical Nucleus: Multiple, Peripheral Special Features: ------------------------- Striations: Yes Autorhythmic: No Control: Voluntary Function: Move the whole body

SKELETAL MUSCLE

Location: Walls or hollow organs, blood vessels, and glands Cell Shape: Spindle-shaped Nucleus: Single, central Special Features: Cell-to-cell attachments Striations: No (since its smooth) Autorhythmic: Yes Control: Involuntary Function: Compress organs, ducts, tubes, and so on

SMOOTH MUSCLE

Location: Heart Cell Shape: Branched Nucleus: Usually single, central Special Features: Intercalated disks Striations: Yes Autorhythmic: Yes Control: Involuntary Function: Contracts heart to propel blood through the body

CARDIAC MUSCLE

Fiber Diameter: Smallest Myoglobin content: High Mitochondria: Many Metabolism: High Aerobic capacity Fatigue Resistance: High (tires easily) Myosin Head Activity: Slow Glycogen Concentration: Low Functions: Maintenance of posture; endurance activity

SLOW-TWITCH (TYPE I)

Fiber Diameter: Intermediate Myoglobin content: High Mitochondria: Many Metabolism: High Aerobic Capacity; Intermediate Aerobic Capacity Fatigue Resistance: Intermediate (tires moderately) Myosin Head Activity: Fast Glycogen Concentration: High Functions: Endurance activities in endurance-trained muscles (activities that needs oxygen)

FAST-TWITCH OXIDATIVE GLYCOLYTIC (TYPE IIa)

Fiber Diameter: Largest Myoglobin content: Low Mitochondria: Few Metabolism: High Aerobic Capacity Fatigue Resistance: Low (Tires slow) Myosin Head Activity: Fast Glycogen Concentration: High Functions: Rapid, intense movement of short duration (sprinting, dead lift)

FAST-TWITCH GLYCOLYTIC (TYPE IIb)

● A site where two or more bones come together, whether or not movement occurs between them

Joints

STRUCTURE: Fibrous PRIMARY FUNCTION: Stability, shock absorption, and force transmission MOTION: Very slight EXAMPLE: Tibiofibular Articulation

SYNARTHROSIS

STRUCTURE: Cartilaginous PRIMARY FUNCTION: Stability with specific and limited mobility MOTION: Limited EXAMPLE: Pubic Symphysis Intervertebral Joint Sternocostal Joint

AMPHIARTHROSIS

STRUCTURE: Synovial w/ ligaments PRIMARY FUNCTION: Mobility MOTION: Free according to degrees of freedom EXAMPLE: Shoulder Joint Hip Joint

DIARTHROSIS

The connection between the articulating surfaces of the bones Little movement as possible especially for adults Ex.: Sutures in the skull

FIBROUS JOINTS

Joints found in the intervertebral discs

CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS

The articular surfaces of the bones are covered by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage separated by a joint cavity which permits a great degree of freedom of movement

SYNOVIAL JOINTS

CLASSIFICATION OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS:

PLANE HINGE PIVOT CONDYLOID ELLIPSOID SADDLE BALL AND SOCKET

The apposed articular surfaces are flat; permits the bones to slide on one another Ex.: sternoclavicular joint and acromioclavicular joint

PLANE JOINT

The design enables flexion and extension movements Ex.: Elbow, knee, and ankle joints

HINGE JOINT

A central bony pivot is surrounded by a bony-ligamentous ring Rotation is the only possible movement Ex.: Atlantoaxial and superior radioulnar joints

PIVOT JOINT

Have two distinct convex surfaces that articulate with two concave surfaces Movements possible are flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation Ex.: metacarpophalangeal joints (MCP) or knuckle joints

CONDYLOID JOINT

An elliptical convex articular surface fits into an elliptical concave articular surface Movements possible are flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction; rotation is impossible Ex.: Wrist joint

ELLIPSOID JOINT

Articular surfaces are reciprocally concave or convex and resemble a saddle on a horse’s back Movements possible are flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation Ex.: Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

SADDLE JOINT

Ball-shaped head of one bone fits into a socket-like concavity of another Movements include flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial rotation, lateral rotation, and circumduction Ex.: Shoulder and hip joints

BALL AND SOCKET JOINT

BLOOD VESSELS 1. 2. 3.

Artery Vessels Capillary

Transport blood AWAY from the heart and distribute it to the various tissues of the body Usually have oxygenated blood EXCEPT Pulmonary artery (transport deoxygenated blood to the lungs) _ - smallest arteries (<0.01 in diameter)

ARTERY Arterioles

Transport blood towards the heart Usually have deoxygenated blood EXCEPT Pulmonary veins (transport oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart) _ – small veins

VEINS Venules

Intersection of the arterioles and venules Vessels that form networks that connect arterioles and venules Smallest blood vessel

CAPILLARY

Consists of: ● Lymphatic tissues - (thymus, lymph nodes, spleen and lymphatic nodules) ● Lymphatic vessels ● Lymph

Lymphatic System

1. CNS a. Brain b. Spinal cord 2. PNS a. 12 cranial nerves b. 31 pairs of spinal nerves i. 8 cervical ii. 12 thoracic iii. 5 lumbar iv. 5 sacral v. 1 coccygeal c. Associated ganglia

NERVOUS SYSTEM

_ ROOT: consists of bundles of nerve fibers carrying nerve impulses away from the central nervous system (efferent fibers) _ Fibers (Efferent) - efferent fibers that go to skeletal muscle and cause them to contract

ANTERIOR Motor Fibers

_ ROOT: consists of bundles of nerve fibers that carry impulses to the central nervous system (afferent fibers) _ Fibers (Afferent) - concerned with conveying information about sensations of touch, pain, temperature, and vibration

POSTERIOR Sensory Fibers

NERVOUS SYSTEM 2 FUNCTIONAL DIVISIONS: 1. _ Nervous System - controls voluntary activities; skeletal muscles 2. _ Nervous System - controls involuntary activities; smooth and cardiac muscles

Somatic Autonomic

_ Membrane Lining of organs or passages that communicate with the surface of the body.

Mucous Membrane

_ Membrane ● Line the cavities of the trunk and are reflected onto the mobile viscera lying within these cavities ● _ layer - lining the wall of cavity ● _ layer - covers the viscera

Serous Membrane Parietal Visceral