M1: IQ2

Question 1

Ex

Diffusion

Answer 1

• The movement of molecules (matter) from an area of greater concentration (how much of something) to an area of lower concentration.
• Follows Conentration Gradient
• Does not require energy.

Question 2

Osmosis

Answer 2

The movement of water across a selectively-permeable membrane through diffusion.

Question 3

Passive Transport

Answer 3

• The movement of molecules (matter) from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
• Does NOT require energy

Question 4

Examples of Passive Transport

Answer 4

• Diffusion
• Osmosis
• Facilitated Diffusion

Question 5

Equilibrium

Answer 5

A system in which things become equal; all particles (molecules or matter) become equal (but they will still move backwards and forwards)

Question 6

Selectively Permeable

Answer 6

Allows certain things to pass through and prevents other things from passing through.

Question 7

Channel Protein

Answer 7

Protein in the cell membrane that provides an aqueous channel for substances to move through. Can be involved in facilitated diffusion (glucose channels) and active transport (sodium-potassium pump)

Question 8

Active Transport

Answer 8

• The movement of substances into/out of cell through the membrane, against the concentration gradient (from low to high)
• Requires ATP (energy) and a channel protein.

Question 9

Examples of Active Transport

Answer 9

• Protein Pump
• Endocytosis
• Exocytosis

Question 10

Protein Pump

Answer 10

• Protein that can pump substances into/out of the cell against the concentration gradient(low to high)
• Requires ATP

Question 11

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 11

• Channel proteins help polar substances enter/leave the cell
• Does NOT require energy

Question 12

Endocytosis

Answer 12

• Membrane folds around large substances so they can enter the cell
• Requires ATP
• Type of bulk active transport

Question 13

Types of Endocytosis

Answer 13

3 Types:
* Phagocytosis
* Pinocytosis
* Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Question 14

Phagocytosis

Answer 14

• Cell binds to the item it wants to engulf on the cell surface and draws the item inward while engulfing around it.
• Usually bacterial cell or organic fragment
• Often used by immune system cells

Question 15

Pinocytosis

Answer 15

An active, energy consuming process where extracellular fluid and solutes are taken up into a cell via small vesicles

Question 16

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

Answer 16

An active targeting method, in which ligands bind to a specific type of receptor found on target cells. Receptors found in pit coated by Clathrin (protein). Once sufficent molecules are caught –> pit deepens –> seals –> and incorporated into cell as coated vesicle.

Question 17

Exocytosis

Answer 17

• Membrane folds around large substances so they can leave the cell
• Requires ATP
• Type of bulk active transport

Question 18

Solute

Answer 18

Substance dissolved in a solution; thing you have less of

Question 19

Solvent

Answer 19

Substance in which something is dissolved; thing you have more off

Question 20

Surface Area

Answer 20

The amount of surface of the object that touches the outside world

Question 21

Plasma Membrane

Answer 21

Controls the passage of materials in and out of the cell.

Question 22

Concentration Gradient

Answer 22

Difference in concentration of a substance from one place to another.

Question 23

Isotonic

Answer 23

Solution that has an equal concentration of solutes as another solution.

Question 24

Hypertonic

Answer 24

Solution that has a higher concentration of solutes as another solution.

Question 25

Hypotonic

Answer 25

Solution that has a lower concentration of solutes as another solution.

Question 26

Plasmolysis

Answer 26

* Loss of water from a cell resulting in drop in turgor pressure in plants * Plasma membrane detaches from cell wall

Question 27

Turgor Pressure

Answer 27

the force within the cell that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall

Question 28

Enzymes

Answer 28

* **proteins** found in all cells which are responsible for **speeding up** (catalysing) **chemical reactions** and **lower** the **activation energy** * Usually end in **ese** * Can break and build substrates

Question 29

Enzyme-Substrate Complex

Answer 29

Enzyme bound to substrate

Question 30

Activation Energy

Answer 30

the energy needed to begin a reaction

Question 31

Active site

Answer 31

specific shape of enzyme, where stubstates attach to

Question 32

Substrate

Answer 32

Chemical enzyme is acting on

Question 33

Models to describe enzyme function

Answer 33

* Induced Fit * Lock and Key

Question 34

Induced fit

Answer 34

the binding of the substrate induces enzyme to change shape and fit tightly

Question 35

Name model and Label

Answer 35

Induced fit

Question 36

Name model and Label

Answer 36

Lock and Key

Question 37

Factors that affect enzymes

Answer 37

* Temperature * pH * Substrate concentration

Question 38

Enzyme conditions

Answer 38

* Enzymes require **highly specific** conditions in order to function at **optimal efficiency**. * Changes to these conditions means they will work slower or not at all.

Question 39

Temperature for Enzymes

Answer 39

* Best at body temperature of organism * Humans: 37°C * As temperature increases --> reaction occurs faster

Question 40

Optimal Temperature

Answer 40

Best temperature for enzyme to work

Question 41

What happens if temperature is too high? | For Enzyme function

Answer 41

* Denaturing occurs * Enzyme can no longer function --> it can not bind to the substrate

Question 42

Denaturing

Answer 42

structure unfolds and the active site shape is changed or destroyed

Question 43

What if the Temperature is Too Low?

Answer 43

* Slow reation down * Will not denature

Question 44

Effect of pH on Enzymes

Answer 44

* too acidic or alkaline the enzymes will denature * Enzymes in our body have a specific optimum pH depending on the place they are found

Question 45

Effect of Substrate concentration on Enzymes

Answer 45

* As substrate concentration increases --> enzyme activity increases until all are occupied * Once all occupied reation won't occur any faster * Causes plateau in graph

Question 46

Saturation Point

Answer 46

Point where reaction won't occur any faster and rate of reaction will stay the same

Question 47

What graph does this represent for enzymes

Answer 47

Temperature increase

Question 48

What graph does this represent for enzymes

Answer 48

Substrate Concentration

Question 49

What graph does this represent for enzymes

Answer 49

pH levels

Question 50

Types of Inhibitors to Enzyme Function

Answer 50

* Competitive Inhibitor * Uncompetitive Inhibitor * Noncompetitive Inhibitor

Question 51

Competitive Inhibitor

Answer 51

Molecule mimics substrate --> substrate cant bond

Question 52

Uncompetitive Inhibitor

Answer 52

* Doesn't bind directly to active site but gets in the way of substrate of releasing products * Reversable

Question 53

Noncompetitive Inhibitor

Answer 53

* Binds to enzyme away from active site causes change in the shape of active site - usually permanent * Usually perminant