Module 2: Organisation of Living Things Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
Animal Tissue
A
- Muscle
- Nervous
- Epithelial
- Connective
2
Q
Muscle Tissue
A
- Contraction/Movement + Support
- Converts Chemical Energy (ATP) –> Mechanical Energy
3
Q
Nervous Tissue
A
- Brain, Spinal Chord, Periferal Nerves
- Carries electrical signals/impulses
4
Q
Epithelial Tissue
A
- Covers Body surfaces
- Protects organs
- Makes glands
- Barrier against water loss
5
Q
Connective Tissue
A
- Supports, connects, protects other tissue
- Ligaments, Tendons, Bones, blood
6
Q
Plant Tissue
A
- Meristematic
- Vascular
- Dermal
- Ground
7
Q
Meristematic Tissue
A
- Tip of roots + shoots
- Cell devision occurs –> new growth
8
Q
Vascular Tissue
A
- Transport of substances around plant
- roots, stem, leaves, xylem + phloem
9
Q
Dermal Tissue
A
- Protects Plants
- Controls interactions with surroundings
- Cover outer surface of leaves + stem
10
Q
Ground Tissue
A
- Rest of Plant Structure
- Photosunthesis + storing food
11
Q
Unicellular
A
- Complete entity in one cell
- Does everything itself
- Survive by itself
- Asexual reproduction
- E.g. Bacteria
12
Q
Cellular Colonies
A
- Collection of unicellular together
- Can survive if separated
- Relyon osmosis + diffusion
- E.g. Jelly fish, coral
13
Q
Multicellular
A
- Have specialised cells (Cell differentiation) –> Form organs –> From organisms
- Inividual cells can’t survive independently
- Passive transport not enough
- E.g. Humans, dog
14
Q
Specialised Cell
A
Cell that its features make is suited to a particular role
15
Q
Example of Specialised Cells
A
- Muscle Cells
- Red Blood Cells
- Nerve Cells
- Photosynthetic Cells
16
Q
Tissue
A
Collectionn of similar cells that work together to perform overall function
17
Q
Example of Tissues
A
- Muscle Tissue
- Blood
- Bone
- Vascular Tissue
18
Q
Organ
A
Collection of similar tissues that work together to perfrom overall function
19
Q
Example of Organs
A
- Heart
- Brain
- Liver
- Flower
20
Q
System
A
Collection of similar organs that work together to perform overall function
21
Q
Examples of Systems
A
- Circulatory System
- Respiratory System
- Digestive System
- Reproductive System
22
Q
Organism
A
Collection of different systems that work together to ensure successful functioning of multicellular organism
23
Q
Example of Organisms
A
- Human
- Ant
- Eucalypt
24
Q
Function of Nerve Cell
A
Communication
25
Structure of Nerve Cell
Long extension of cell cytoplasm
26
Gut Epithelial
Cell lining small intestine
27
Function of Gut Epithelial
Absorption of digested nutrients
28
Structure of Get Epithelial
Increased surface ares provided by villi maximises absorption
29
Function of Red Blood Cell
Oxygen transport
30
Structure of Red Blood Cell
* Haemoglobin maximises cell oxygen carrying ability
* Biconcave shape --> efficent oxygen exchange at lungs + tissues
31
Function of Muscle Cell
Allows contraction + relaxation of cell
32
Structure of Muscle Cell
Contractile fibres
33
Funciton of Photosynthetic Cell
Photosynthesis
34
Structure of Photosynthetic Cells
Presence of Chloroplasts
35
Function of Root Hair Cell
Absorption of Nutrients/Mineral Ions + Water
36
Stucture of Root Hair Cell
Extension of Cytoplasm increases surface area of cell to maximise absorption
37
Root
* Anchor plant --> Keep upright
* Absorb water --> osmosis
* Absorb mineral salts --> active transport
* Transport water + mineral salts via xylem
38
Stem
* Holds leaves erect --> Capture sun
* Supports plant
* Transports water + mineral salts upwards in xylem
* Transports sucrose + amino acides bidirectional in phloem
39
Leaf
* Sight of Photosynthesis
* Large, thin, flat, mosaic--> max light absorption, min diffusion
* Vascular bundle --> xylem + phloem
* Green --> Chlorophyll --> photosynthesis
* Holes on underside --> Stomata
40
Stomata
* Underside of Leaf
* Elipse Shape
* Gas exchange --> CO2 in, O2 out
* Allow for loss of water vapour
41
Transpiration Stream
Pulling of water up stem in xylem
42
Transpiration
Evaporation of water from leaf
43
Label
44
Waxy Cuticle
* Thin protective outer covering
* Consists of lipid produced by plant cells
* Allows light to pass through
45
Upper Epidermis
* Tissue layer onupper side of leaf
* Aids structural support
* Transparent --> Allow light through
46
Palisade Mesophyll
* Have chloroplasts
* Primary site of photosysnthesis in plant
* Column shaped cells
47
Spongy Mesophyll
* Cells surrounded by air space
* Allow gases to diffuse through to Palisade mesophyll
* Have Cholorplasts
* Secondary site of photosynthesis
48
Lower epidermis
* Tissue layer on lower side of leaf
* Aids structural support
49
Guard Cells
* 2 at each stomata
* Close + open stomata --> response to environmental conditions
50
Function of Xylem
* Vascular Tissuein stem + rotts
* Conducts water + mineral ions from roots --> leaves
* Passive Transport Only
* Cohesive + Adhersive forces
51
Structure of Xylem
* Lignified xylem vessels
* Dead cells
* basically dead tube
52
Function of Phloem
* Conducts sugar solution any direction
* Active Transport
* Source --> Sink
53
Structure of Phloem
* Sieve cells
* Companion cells
* Living Cells
54
Source (In plant)
* Place where sugar is produced
* Leaves
* Sugar stores in roots
55
Sink (in plants)
* Place where sugar is needed
* Fruit
* Flower
* Shoots
56
How sugar travels from source to sink
1. Sucrose loaded by active transport into phloem at source
2. Water into phloem by osmosis from xylem
3. Solution travels to sink
4. Unloaded at sink by active transport
5. Water elaves by osmosis into xylem
57
Label
58
Label and Name
Alveoli
59
Features of Good Gas Echange Surface
* Large Surface Area
* Good ventilation --> mix old + new air
* Moist surface --> gases disolve in moisture --> get close to gas echange surface
* Short diffusion distance -->efficent
* Good Circulation --> Maintains good concentration gradient
* Concentration Gradient maintained --> keeps efficency --> always moving gas
60
Grasshopper Respiratory System
* Large surface area
* Good Ventilation --> Pump themselves to get air in + out of valves
* Moist --> Opening of spiracles + inside of tubes
* Short Diffusion distance --> branching of tubes+ closeness to cells
* No Circulation --> NO blood to carry oxygen
* Gas always moving
61
Fish Respiratory System
* Really large surface area
* Ventilation --> water in through mouth --> water pushed over gills
* Moist --> Live in water
* Concentration Gradient -->direction of water flow opposite to blood flow in gill
62
Frog Respiratory System
* Large surface area --> lungs not good --> exchange through skin + mouth
* Ventilation --> Throat into lungs
* Moist --> In or around water
* Short Distance --> Delicate tissue like alveoli
* Good Circulation --> Heart pumpsblood
* Concentration Gradient --> Flow of blood + ventilation into lungs
63
5 Stages of Digestion
* Ingestion
* Digestion
* Absorption
* Assimilation
* Egestion
64
Ingestion
* Eating
* Taking in food --> large complex molecules
* E.g. Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids
65
Types of Digestion
* Mouth to small intestine
* Physcial/Mechanical
* Chemical
66
Physical/Mechanical Digestion
* Large pieces of food broken into smaller pieces
* Increase SA:V ratio
* Allows for Chemical digestion
67
Chemical Digestion
Enzymes used to break
* Carbs into simple sugars
* Protiens into amino acids
* Lipids into fatty acids + glycerol
68
Absorption
* Small molecules now disolved --> move across wall of digestive tract --> diffusion --> blood stream
* Second part of small intestine
* Wallfolded to increase SA
* Blood vessels around intestines --> fast diffusion
69
Assimilation
* Bood Transports molecules to different parts of body
* Enter cells + be reassembled into complex molecules
* Structure (Muscles), hormnones + enzymes, energy storage (glycogen)
70
Egestion
* Elimation ofundigested foods as waste
* Consists of indigestible cellusose, bacteria + water
* Feces
71
Heart
organ that helps pump blood around the body
72
cellular respiration
the process by which cells use oxygen to produce energy from food
73
blood
Connective tissue made of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
74
red blood cells
Blood cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells.
75
Amount of red blood cells in blood
44%
76
Function of Red Blood Cells
* Carry Oxygen
77
Structure of Red Blood Cells
* Biconcave (Disc shape with dip)
* Contains haemaglobin --> iron which oxygen binds to for transport
78
plateletes
cell fragments that help blood to clot after an injury.
79
Amount of Plateletes in Blood
< 1% (Together with White Blood Cells makes up 1%)
80
Structure of Platelets
Cell fragments made in bone marrow
81
Fuction of Platelets
Stop bleeding/help clotting --> form fibrous network
82
Amount of White blood Cells in Blood
< 1% (Together with Platelets makes up 1%)
83
Structure of White Blood Cells
* Have nucleus
* Many different types
* Reproduce
84
Function of White Blood Cells
Protect against infection/disease
85
Amount of Plasma in Blood
55%
86
Structure of Plasma
* Pale yellow
* 90% water + salt ions
* Have proteins
87
Function of Plasma
* Regulate Bleeding + clotting
* Regulates pH
* lipid transport
88
hemolymph
In invertebrates with an open circulatory system, the body fluid that bathes tissues.
89
Aorta
Main artery of the body
90
Pulmonary artery
Carries deoxygentated blood from the heart to the lungs
91
Atrium
* Left + Right
* Heart chamber that receives blood.
92
Ventricle
* Left + Right
* Pumps blood out of the heart
93
valves
prevent back flow of blood
94
blood vessel
* A tubular structure carrying blood through the tissues and organs;
* Vein
* Artery
* Capillary
95
Function of capillaries
Microscopic vessel through which exchanges take place between the blood and cells of the body --> diffusion
96
Structure of Capillaries
* One cell thick
* Tiny diameter
97
Function of veins
blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart
98
Structure of Viens
* Thin walls --> low pressure
* Valves --> stop blood in wrong direction
99
Function of arteries
Carry blood away from the heart
100
Structure or Arteries
Thick + elastic walls --> cope with high pressure + flow
101
composition changes at brain / muscle tissue
* oxygen and glucose **decrease**
* carbon dioxide **increase**
102
composition changes at lungs
* carbon dioxide and glucose **decrease**
* oxygen **increases**
103
composition changes at kidney
* oxygen and urea **decrease**
* carbon dioxide **increases**
104
composition changes at liver
* oxygen **decreases**
* carbon dioxide and urea **increase**.
* Amino acids, fatty acids and glucose can **increase** or **decrease** depending on **need**.
105
composition changes at small intestine
* oxygen **decreases**
* carbon dioxide, glucose, fatty acids and amino acids **increase**.
106
Closed Circulatory Systems
* All vertebrates: Human, dogs
* Transports: Gases, nutrients, waste --> around body
* Transport fluid: Blood --> contained
* Heart pumps system
107
Name Circulatory system
Generic Closed Circulatory System
108
Open Circulatory Systems
* Not sealed
* Only nutrients + waste exchanged
* Less efficent than closed --> flows at slower rate
* Heart --> one (elongated) or more
* Transport fluid: Hemolymph
* Heart pumps fluid to body cavity
* E.g. Arthropods (Grasshopper), Molluscs (clam, squid)
109
Name Circulatory system
Generic Open Circulatory System
110
Human Circulatory System
* Blood flows through blod vessels +branch to smaller capillaries
* Cells bathedin intersitual fluid --> allow substance movement
* Blood: oxygenated or deoxygenated
* Link to lymphatic system
111
Name Circulatory system
Human Circulatory System
112
Lungs
* Add oxygen + romove carbon dioxide from blood
* INternal gas exchange between alveoli + capillaries
113
Small Intestine
Adds nutrients fromdigested food into blood
* Fatty acides + glycerol (lipids)
* glucose (carbs)
* Amino acids (proteins)
* Water (from liquids + food)
114
Large Intestine
* Adds aditional water from digestive system to blood
114
Liver
* adds urea (waste) to blood
* Absorbs sugars + nutrients --> release when needed
* Maintains constant levels of substances in blood ^
* Removes + processes toxins from blood
115
Bone marrow
* Adds blood cells into circulation
* Main site of blood cell production
* Red + White blood cells and Platelets
116
Kidneys
* Removes Urea (waste) from blood
* Removes some water + salts --> ensures optimal concentration
* Wastes excreted as urine
117
Glands
* Release hormones --> chemical messengers into blood
* E.g. Pituitary Gland (base of brain) --> grown hormones
