M1: Physiology of Female Repro

Question 0

Each primary oocyte is packaged in an epithelial vesicle called

Answer 0

Follicle

Question 1

Ovulation divides the menstrual cycle in two phases

Answer 1

Follicular & Luteal Phases

Question 2

It is within follicle that ___________ takes place to create _______ oocyte.

Answer 2

Second meiotic division. Secondary.

Question 3

Four stages Follicular structure

Answer 3

Primordial(primary) Follicle, Graafian(vesicular ovarian) Follicle, Corpus Luteum & Corpus Albicans

Question 4

Secretes estrogen & progesterone

Answer 4

Corpus luteum

Question 5

Maturation of the Follicle

Answer 5

Folliculogenesis

Question 6

Folliculogenesis: 1. FSH stimulates _________(oocyte arrested in the diplotene stage of the ____________ surrounded by a single layer of __________)

Answer 6

Primordial follicle. 1st meiotic division. Granulosa cells.

Question 7

Folliculogenesis: 2. _______ follicle (oocyte surround by a single layer of ________ cells basement membrane and ______ cells)

Answer 7

Primary. Granulosa. Theca.

Question 8

Folliculogenesis: 3. _________ follicle (oocyte surrounded by _________, several layers of granulosa cells & theca cells)

Answer 8

Secondary. Zona pellucida.

Question 9

Folliculogenesis: 4. Tertiary or ________ follicle. Secondary follicle accumulates fluid in a cavity. Oocyte is eccentric position. Surrounded by granulosa cells.

Answer 9

Antral

Question 10

Secondary follicle accumulates fluid in a cavity

Answer 10

Antrum

Question 11

Surrounded by granulosa cells

Answer 11

Cumulous oophorus

Question 12

Primary site for fertilization

Answer 12

Ampulla of the Fallopian tube

Question 13

Begins with menses in dat 1 of the menstrual cycle and ends with ovulation

Answer 13

Follicular Phase

Question 14

FSH causes maturation of a cohort of ovarian follicles. However, only one reaches maturity.

Answer 14

Recruitement

Question 15

Selection of the dominant follicle occurs day _____.

Answer 15

5-7

Question 16

As the follicle matures, increase _________ & decrease _______. Negative feedback on the pituitary, the follicle with the highest number of ___________ will continue to thrive. Follicular _______.

Answer 16

Estrogen. FSH. FSH receptor. Atresia.

Question 17

For recruitement. Has mitogenic effect. Increase in number of granulosa cells & FSH receptor. Stimulates ______ activity for the conversion of androgens(androstenedione) to estrogen or ________. LH receptors.

Answer 17

FSH. Aromatase. Estradiol.

Question 18

Acts synergistically with FSH to induce LH receptors, FSH receptors in granulosa & theca cells. LH acts on theca cells for the uptake of _____ & _______ to androstenedione & testosterone.

Answer 18

Estrogen. Cholesterol & LDL.

Question 19

Hormonal Regulation in Nonpregnant state

Answer 19

Uterine cycle

Question 20

Uterine cycle: 1. _______ stimulates the anterior pituitary to release FSH & LH.

Answer 20

Hypothalamus releases GnRH

Question 21

Uterine cycle: 2. _____ stimulates maturation of primary oocyte in an immature follicle.

Answer 21

FSH

Question 22

Uterine cycle: 3. Follicle produces _______. This builds the uterine wall (endometrium) and inhibits secretion of FSH.

Answer 22

Estrogen

Question 23

Uterine cycle: 4. High levels of Estrogen further stimulate secretion of ____ by anterior pituitary. With ____ also causes ovulation of the secondary oocyte, corpus luteum.

Answer 23

LH. FSH.

Question 24

What happens to patients if estrogen secretion is uncontrolled by progesterone

Answer 24

Irregular menses

Question 25

Local peptide in the follicular fluid. Negative feedback on pituitary FSH secretion. Locally enhances LH induced androstenedione production.

Answer 25

Inhibin

Question 26

Found in follicular fluid. Stimulates FSH induced estrogen production. Gonadotropin receptors. Decrease androgen.

Answer 26

Activin

Question 27

Increase estradiol (reaching a threshold concentration) leads to positive feedback on the pituitary (facilitated by low levels of progesterone) LH surge then secretion of progesterone. Operates after puberty. Positive feedback on pituitary equals ___ FSH.

Answer 27

Positive feedback. Increase.

Question 28

Increase estradiol and inhibin which leads to decrease FSH.

Answer 28

Negative feedback

Question 29

Accompanied by rapid fall of estradiol level. Triggers the resumption of meiosis. Lasts for ____ hours. Ovulation occurs after ___ hours. Affects follicular wall causing follicular rupture. Granulosa cells undergo luteinization which leads to ________ synthesis.

Answer 29

LH surge. 48. 36. Progesterone.

Question 30

Release of secondary oocyte from a mature follicle. Occurs in response to high concentrations of FSH & LH. Secondary oocyte is rejected from the ovary directly through a mass of ovarian wall. ______ directs oocyte into fallopian tube.

Answer 30

Ovulation. Fimbria.

Question 31

Changes in the composition of the antral fluid. Increase in colloid osmotic pressure.

Answer 31

Increase Follicular pressure

Question 32

Enzymatic rupture of the follicular wall: LH & FSH stimulates granulosa cells then production of ________ activator. Increase plasmin leads to increase ________ activity which will eventually result to breakdown of follicular wall.

Answer 32

Plasminogen. Fibrinolytic.

Question 33

Enzymatic rupture of the follicular wall: LH will increase _________ then increase plasminogen activator then increase ________ which will result to increase lysosomes under follicular wall.

Answer 33

Prostaglandin E. PG F2a.

Question 34

Formation of the corpus luteum. Marked increase in progesterone.

Answer 34

Luteal Phase

Question 35

Luteal Phase lasts _______ days.

Answer 35

12-14 days

Question 36

Formation of Corpus Luteum: after ______ the point of rupture in the follicular wall seals.

Answer 36

Ovulation

Question 37

Formation of Corpus Luteum: Vascular capillaries cross the basement membrane & grow into the ________. Increase availability of ____ cholesterol.

Answer 37

Granulosa cells. LDL.

Question 38

Formation of Corpus Luteum: increases LDL binding to receptors. Inc 3a OH steroid dehydrogenase activity w/c will increase progesterone.

Answer 38

LH

Question 39

Suppresses the follicular maturation on the ipsilateral ovary. Thermogenic activity, inc basal body temp. For endometrial maturation.

Answer 39

Progesterone

Question 40

Progesterone peak _______ after ovulation (day22

Answer 40

8 days

Question 41

Is sustained by LH. It loses its sensitivity to gonadotropins leads to luteolysis then dec estrogen & progesterone level the. Desquamation of the endometrium.

Answer 41

Corpus Luteum

Question 42

Decrease estrogen & progesterone will increase _________ during luteal phase.

Answer 42

FSH & LH

Question 43

The new cycle starts with the beginning of

Answer 43

Menses

Question 44

If pregnancy occurs, ____ secretion maintain the corpus luteum.

Answer 44

hCG

Question 45

Secretes estrogen & progesterone. This maintains the endometrium for _______ days and inhibits LH.

Answer 45

Corpus Luteum. 15-16.

Question 46

If oocyte is not fertilized and implanted on the uterine wall, corpus degenerates and stops producing estrogen & progesterone.

Answer 46

Corpus Albicans

Question 47

Without progesterone & estrogen, endometrium breaks down. ______ occurs.

Answer 47

Menstruation

Question 48

Decrease in progesterone & LH. Low ____ causes secretion of FSH by pituitary again. The cycle repeats.

Answer 48

LH

Question 49

Aside from the ovaries, where can estrogen be synthesized.

Answer 49

Adipocytes & Placenta

Question 50

Adjacent to the myometrium. Unresponsive to hormonal stimulation. Remains intact throughout the menstrual cycle. Does not sloughs off during menstruation.

Answer 50

Basal layer

Question 51

Sloughs of during menstruation

Answer 51

Functional layer

Question 52

Functional layer is composed of two layers

Answer 52

Zona compacta(superficial) & Spongiosum layers

Question 53

Phase wherein estrogen induces mitotic activity in the glands & stroma which will increase endometrial thickness from 2-8mm.

Answer 53

Proliferative phase

Question 54

Progesterone induces a severe restriction in the mitotic activity. Endometrial glands (basal glandular epithelium) produce then secrete glycogen leads to vacuoles (D17)

Answer 54

Secretory phase

Question 55

First sign of ovulation. Accompanied by stromal edema & enlargement of cells. Spiral arterioles develop, lengthen & recoil.

Answer 55

Subnuclear vacuoles & Pseuodstratification

Question 56

Two phases of Endometrial cycle

Answer 56

Proliferative & Secretory

Question 57

Hormone responsible for Proliferative phase

Answer 57

Estrogen

Question 58

Hormone responsible for Secretory phase

Answer 58

Progesterone

Question 59

Periodic desquamation of the endometrium. The external hallmark of menstrual cycle.

Answer 59

Menstruation

Question 60

Just before menses the endometrium is infiltrated with

Answer 60

Leukocytes

Question 61

Are maximal in the endometrium just before menses. Constriction of the spiral arterioles then ischemia and desquamation. Followed by arteriolar relaxation, bleeding & tissue breakdown.

Answer 61

Prostaglandins (PGF2a)

Question 62

Secretes GnRH in a pulsatile fashion

Answer 62

Hypothalamus

Question 63

GnRH activity is first evident at

Answer 63

Puberty

Question 64

Follicular phase GnRH pulses occur

Answer 64

Hourly

Question 65

Luteal phase GnRH occur every

Answer 65

90mins (pulsatile)

Question 66

Leads to down regulation of pituitary receptors. Decrease secretion of gonadotropins.

Answer 66

Loss of pulsatility

Question 67

Release of GnRH is modulated by negative feedback by

Answer 67

Steroids & Gonadotropins

Question 68

Aside from pain relief, what is another reason for giving NSAIDs to women suffering from heavy menstrual bleeding

Answer 68

Reduce bleeding

Question 69

Fertile period: Longest cycle

Answer 69

11

Question 70

Fertile period: shortest cycle

Answer 70

18