M1 W4: Theory in Psychology Flashcards
(33 cards)
A general result that has been observed reliability in systematic empirical research.
A phenomenon
People with damage to their visual cortex are often able to respond to visual stimuli that they do not consciously see.
Blindsight
The more people who are present at an emergency situation, the less likely it is that any one of them will help.
Bystander effect
People tend to explain others behaviour in terms of their personal characteristics as opposed to the situation they are in.
Fundamental attribution error
When audio of a basic speech sound is combined with video of a person making mouth movements for different speech sound, people often perceive a sound that is intermediate between the two.
McGurk effect
People recognized faces of people of their own race more accurately than faces of people of other races
Own-race effect
Fake psychological or medical treatment often lead to improvements in people’s symptoms and functioning
Placebo effect
The more often people have been exposed to a stimulus, the more they like it, even when the stimulus is presented subliminally
Mere exposure effect
Stimuli presented near the beginning and end of a list are remembered better than stimuli presented in the middle
Serial position effect
A conditioned response that has been extinguished often returns with no further training after the passage of time
Spontaneous recovery
Conducting a study again either exactly as it was originally conducted or with modifications to be sure that it produces the same results.
Replication
It is a coherent explanation or interpretation of one or more phenomena
Theory
Theories can take a variety of forms, but it explains beyond the phenomena by: (5)
Variables, structures, processes, function, or organising principles that have not been observed directly.
He proposed that being watched by others while performing a task creates a general state of psychological arousal, which increases the likelihood of the dominant response.
Zajonc’s theory of social facilitation and social inhibition
Provides ann explanation of both social facilitation and social inhibition that goes beyond the phenomena themselves by including concepts such “arousal” and “dominant response”
Drive theory
It is an explanation of the origin of various diseases, not because there is no doubt that many diseases are caused by microorganisms that infect the body
“germ theory”
A ___ is a precise explanation or interpretation of a specific phenomenon, often expressed in terms of equations, computer programs, or biological structures and processes.
Model
An explanation that relies on just a few key concepts, which refers to a prediction about a new phenomenon based on a theory
Hypothesis
What is the purpose of theories? (3)
1) The organization of known phenomena
2) prediction
3) generate new research
A comprehensive theory of human cognition that is akin to a programming language, within which more models can be created.
Formal theory. ACT-R
A formal theory of decision making under uncertainty
Prospect theory
A psychologist who won the Nobel Prize in economics based in part in prospect theory
Daniel Kahneman
___ ___ tend to be easier to create and to understand but less precise in their predictions, which can make them more difficult to test
Informal theory
The number and diversity of the phenomenon they explain or interpret
Scope
