M1S1

Question 1

Man’s attempt to think most speculatively reflectively, and systematically about the universe in which he lives, and his relationship to that universe.

Answer 1

Philosophy

Question 2

Epochs of Philosophy (6)

Answer 2

1. pre-Socratic
2. Ancient
3. Medieval
4. Early Modern
5. Modern
6. Contemporary

Question 3

Pre-Socratic philosophy (4)

Answer 3

1. Thales
2. Anaximenes
3. Heraclitus
4. Democritus

Question 4

He believed that water was the fundamental substance of all things. He thought that everything in the world could be reduced to variation in water.

Answer 4

Thales

Question 5

Proposed that air was the basic substance from which everything else was derived. he believed that changes in the density and quality of air could explain the diversity of matter.

Answer 5

Anaximenes

Question 6

famously claimed that the fundamental substance of all thing was fire. He argued that everything was in a constant state of change and that fire represented the underlying essence of this every-changing reality.

Answer 6

Heraclitus

Question 7

Introduce the idea of atomism, suggesting that all matter was composed of indivisible and unchangeable particles called atoms. He believe that different combinations of atoms gave rise to the variety of substance and object in the world.

Answer 7

Democritus

Question 8

Ancient philosophy

Answer 8

1. Socrates
2. Plato
3. Aristotle

Question 9

Ancient philosophy:

focused on the idea of self-knowledge and the pursuit of wisdom. He famously declared “Know thyself”

Answer 9

Socrates

Question 10

Ancient philosophy:

believed that understanding oneself, particularly one limitations and ignorance, was essential for personal growth and moral improvement. He emphasize introspection and dialogue as means of gaining self-awareness and wisdom.

Answer 10

Socrates

Question 11

Ancient philosophy:

there are claims he held a dualistic view of human nature.

Answer 11

Socrates

Question 12

Ancient philosophy:

believe that the self, the soul, was immoral and preexisted before birth and would continue to exist after birth.

Answer 12

Plato

Question 13

Ancient philosophy:

___________’s theory of self was closely tied to his theory of forms, where the materials world was a mere reflection of higher, unchanging, and perfect realities.

Answer 13

Plato

Question 14

Ancient philosophy:

the soul’s journey was seen as a process of remembering these eternal truths and achieving enlightenment.

Answer 14

Plato

Question 15

Ancient philosophy:

he had a more empirical approach to understanding the self. he believe that the self was closely connected to the body and that the soul gave form and purpose to the body.

Answer 15

Aristotle

Question 16

Ancient philosophy:

his concept of the self was grounded in the idea that human beings were rational animals, and the development of virtues and excellence was essential for fulfilling life.

Answer 16

Aristotle

Question 17

Ancient philosophy:

He placed a strong emphasis on the moral and intellectual aspects of the self.

Answer 17

Aristotle

Question 18

Medieval Philosophy (2)

Answer 18

1. St. Augustine
2. St. Thomas of Aquinas

Question 19

Medieval Philosophy:

believed that the self was a combination of the soul and the body.

Answer 19

St. Augustine

Question 20

Medieval Philosophy:

emphasized the fallen nature of humanity due to original sin, which in his view, had a profound impact on the self. He famously stated, “Our heart are restless until they rest in you,” emphasizing the idea that the ultimate fulfillment of self could only be found in a loving relationship with god.

Answer 20

St. Augustine

Question 21

Medieval Philosophy:

His View of the self involved the struggles between the sinful inclinations of the flesh and the longing for spiritual union with god.

Answer 21

St. Augustine

Question 22

Medieval Philosophy:

believed that the self was composed of both the material body and the immaterial soul.

Answer 22

St. Thomas Aquinas

Question 23

Medieval Philosophy:

he argued that the soul was the principle of life and the source of rationality, and it had a unique capacity for intellectual and moral development. He also emphasized the importance of reason in understanding the self and the natural world.

Answer 23

St. Thomas Aquinas

Question 24

Medieval Philosophy:

believed that human reason could be used to explore and understand the world and that it could lead to knowledge of god.

Answer 24

St. Thomas Aquinas

Question 25

Early modern (2)

Answer 25

1. David Hume 2. Rene Descartes

Question 26

Early modern: argued that there is no enduring and unchanging self or "I." According to "________," when we examine our experiences and introspect, we don't find a substantial and persistent self that underlies our thoughts and perception

Answer 26

David Hume

Question 27

Early modern: he believed that the self is a bundle or collection of ever-changing perception and sensation.

Answer 27

David Hume

Question 28

Early modern: in simpler terms, he questioned the existence of a fixed and unified self, suggesting that what we consider the self is composed of fleeting mental states and experiences.

Answer 28

David Hume

Question 29

Early modern: his view of the self can be summarized by his famous phase "Cogito, ergo sum," which means "I think, therefore I am"

Answer 29

Rene Descartes

Question 30

Early modern: Believed that the self is distinct from the body and the external world. He argued that while we can doubt everything, including the existence of the external world, we cannot doubt the existence of ourselves as thinking beings.

Answer 30

Rene Descartes

Question 31

Early modern: in his view, the thinking self (the "I") is a fundamental and indubitable certainty and serves as the foundation of his philosophy. He considered the self to be a thinking, non-material substance separate from the physical body.

Answer 31

Rene Descartes

Question 32

Modern Philosophy (1)

Answer 32

1. Karl Marx

Question 33

Modern Philosophy: Viewed the self as heavily influenced by the socioeconomic conditions of society in which a person live.

Answer 33

Karl Marx

Question 34

Modern Philosophy: He believed that people's identities and sense of self are shaped by their roles in the economic system.

Answer 34

Karl Marx

Question 35

Modern Philosophy: According to him, in a capitalist society, individuals often define themselves in relation to their work and social class. So. in his view, the self is deeply intertwined with one's place in the economic structure and their relationships with others in that system.

Answer 35

Karl Marx

Question 36

Contemporary Philosophy (2)

Answer 36

1. Jean Paul Sartre 2. Martin Heidegger

Question 37

Contemporary Philosophy: believe in existentialism, which emphasizes individual freedom and choice.

Answer 37

Jean Paul Sartre

Question 38

Contemporary Philosophy: He argued that there is no fixed or predetermined essence of self; Instead, individuals define themselves through their actions and choices.

Answer 38

Jean Paul Sartre

Question 39

Contemporary Philosophy: He famously stated, "Existence precedes essences," meaning that we exist first, and our essence or identity is created through our choices and actions

Answer 39

Jean Paul Sartre

Question 40

Contemporary Philosophy: In his view, the self is in a constant state of becoming, defined by our decisions and the responsibility that comes with them.

Answer 40

Jean Paul Sartre

Question 41

Contemporary Philosophy: in his view of the self is deeply tied to the concept of "Dasein," which means "Being-there" in German. He explored the idea that the self if inherently connected to the world and our engagement with it.

Answer 41

Martin Heidegger

Question 42

Contemporary Philosophy: He Emphasized the idea of "Authenticity," where individuals confront their own existence and make meaningful choices. He believed that the self is shaped by its interactions with the world and the awareness of its own morality.

Answer 42

Martin Heidegger

Question 43

Contemporary Philosophy: In his philosophy, the self is a complex and dynamic entity grounded in our existence in the world.

Answer 43

Martin Heidegger