M1S2 Flashcards
(25 cards)
Is a group of individuals who live together in a specific geographic area or share common interest, value, norms, and institutions. it encompasses the collective organization of people and their interaction.
Society
It is a theory in sociology and philosophy that suggest that many aspects of our reality, including concepts, identities, and knowledge, are not inherent or objective but are created, shaped, and maintained by society through shared beliefs, language and cultural norms.
Social Constructionist perspective
it emphasizes that our understanding of the world is influenced by the social and cultural context in which we live, rather than being purely based on objective facts or natural truths.
Social constructionist perspective
this perspective highlight how people collectively define and give meaning to things like gender, race, morality, and even reality itself through social processes and interaction.
Social constructionist perspective
he explored the interplay between “la personne” and “le moi” to understand how individuals construct their identities within society.
Marcus Mauss’
Marcell Mauss’ Two Faces of the Self
- La Personne
- Le moi
Marcell Mauss’ Two Faces of the Self:
this aspect refers to the social and cultural identity of an individual. it encompasses how a person is viewed by society, their roles, and their status within a community.
“La Personne” (The Person)
Marcell Mauss’ Two Faces of the Self:
this aspect represents the individual’s inner thoughts, emotions, and personal experience-their subjective self.
“Le Moi” (The Self)
He believed that the self is not something we are born with; instead it develops through social interactions and communication with others.
George Hebert Mead
George Herbert Mead proposed that the self consist of two parts:
“I” and “Me”
George Hebert Mead:
this is the spontaneous and impulsive aspect of the self. it represents our unique reactions and feeling in the moment
“I”
George Hebert Mead:
this is the socialized aspect of the self. it how we see ourselves based on the expectation of society, including the roles and norms we adopt.
“Me”
he believe that the self is a product of social interaction and cultural influences.
Lev Vygotsky
He argued that individuals develop a sense of self through their interaction with others, particularly within their cultural and social context. this process is heavily influenced by language and communication
Lev Vygotsky
He viewed individuals as products of their environment and experiences.
John Watson
According to his perspective, behaviors are learned responses to external stimuli, and there isn’t much room for the concept of an intrinsic or enduring self.
John Watson
He places a strong emphasis on observable behavior and the environment factors that shape them.
John Watson
Classical Conditioning (Ivan Pavlov)
- Unconditioned stimulus always leads to Unconditioned response
- Unconditioned stimulus is paired with Neutral Stimulus
- Both Unconditioned stimulus and Neutral Stimulus can now individually lead to Unconditioned Response
B.F Skinner’s Operant Conditioning:
Positive Reinforcement:
Something is added to increase the likelihood of a behavior. (Something is added to increase a behavior.)
Example: A student gets a star sticker every time they do their homework. This reward encourages them to keep doing homework.
B.F Skinner’s Operant Conditioning:
Positive Punishment:
Something is added to decrease the likelihood of a behavior. (Something unpleasant is added to decrease a behavior.)
Example: A child touches a hot stove and feels pain. Pain is added, so the child learns not to touch it again.
B.F Skinner’s Operant Conditioning:
Negative Reinforcement:
Something is removed to increase likelihood of a behavior (Something unpleasant is removed to increase a behavior.)
Example: A car stops beeping when you finally put on your seatbelt. The annoying sound is removed, so you learn to wear the seatbelt quickly next time.
B.F Skinner’s Operant Conditioning:
Negative punishment:
Something is removed to decrease the likelihood of a behavior. (Something good is taken away to decrease a behavior.)
Example: A teen loses phone privileges for breaking curfew. Phone is taken away to stop the behavior of coming home late.
Age:
- Infancy (Birth - 18months)
- Early Childhood (2 -3 years)
- Pre-school (3 -5 years)
- School age (6 - 11 years)
- Adolescence (12 - 18 years)
- Young adult (19 - 40)
- Middle Adult (40 - 65)
- Maturity (65 - death)
Conflict:
- Trust vs. Mistrust
- Autonomy vs shame and doubt
- Initiative vs. guilt
- Industry vs Inferiorly
- Identity vs. role confusion
- Intimacy vs. isolation
- Generativity vs. Stagnation
- Ego integrity vs. Despair
