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OMM Final Exam Jason > M1T2 OMM Midterm > Flashcards

M1T2 OMM Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Normal physiological motion does not apply to the cervical region due to the ________ of OA and AA, the ________ of the facets of C2-C7, and the ________ of the vertebral bodies, ligamentous attachments, and muscular insertions.

A

Atypical facets, oblique plane, shape

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2
Q

Dysbiosis and intestinal hyperpermeability can lead to a ________, ________, and ________.

A

Hyperactive immune system, allergic reactions, increased HPA axis activity

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3
Q

Sensory fibers are composed of two types. ________ are activated in slow and rapid lengthening of muscle spindle fibers. ________ are activated only during slow lengthening.

A

Primary endings (annulospiral), secondary endings

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4
Q

In an allostatic response, compensation is usually through ________, ________, and ________.

A

Posture, mechanics, metabolism

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5
Q

Aδ fibers alone can localize within ________, but coupled with ________ receptors, the pain can be nearly exactly localized.

A

10 cm, tactile

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6
Q

Aδ fibers use ________ as their neurotransmitter and terminate in the ________.

A

Glutamate, lamina marginalia of the dorsal horns

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7
Q

The upper extremities innervated by what spinal cord level(s)? (sympathetics)

A

T2-T6

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8
Q

What are indirect options for cervical injury?

A

Cranial manipulationCounterstrainMFRBLT/LASFPR

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9
Q

Hyperextension occurs within the first ________ seconds following impact.

A

0.25

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10
Q

The volatile oil found in peppermint (menthol) has what property? What is this most likely due to?

A

AntispasmodicCalcium channel blockade

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11
Q

Probiotics are particularly helpful for treating ________.

A

Antibiotic associated diarrhea

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12
Q

What are some examples of tonic/postural muscles in the pelvic/hip region?

A

HamstringsIliopsoas PiriformisTensor fascia lataRectus femorus Thigh adductors

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13
Q

When a greater noxious stimulus is required to tigger an action potential but pain shoots directly to maximal intensity and lasts longer than normal, it is known as ________.

A

Hyperpathia

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14
Q

An important aspect of integrative medicine is that it is informed by ________.

A

Evidence

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15
Q

Muscle spindles have few or lack ________.

A

Actin or myosin filaments

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16
Q

________ are receptors responsible for touch and pressure.

A

Free nerve endings

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17
Q

TCM originated in China and evolved over ________ years ago

A

2500

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18
Q

Muscle spindles are located in the ________ of the muscle and give info about muscle ________ and ________.

A

Belly, length, rate of change of length

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19
Q

Fast, sharp pain from mechanical or heat stimuli travels on ________ rapidly.

A

Aδ fibers

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20
Q

A ________ strain or sprain is a ________ injury that consists of complete tissue rupture, severe bleeding/swelling, spasm/hypertonicity, unstable joints, and 6-8 weeks of recovery. This type usually requires ________.

A

Third, macroscopic, surgery

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21
Q

Opioid substances bind to ________ in the brain and spinal cord.

A

μreceptors

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22
Q

________ point tenderness is likely to be associated with a more serious injury than posterior element pain.

A

Anterior

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23
Q

Due to its antispasmodic properties on smooth muscle in the GI tract, peppermint may actually make someone with ________ worse.

A

Acid reflux

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24
Q

Medicine that views the physical, mental, and spiritual aspects of life as closely interconnected is known as ________ medicine.

A

Holistic

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25
Q

What are 4 safety factors impacting MVA-related cervical strain/sprain?

A

1) firm seat back2) seat belt/shoulder strap3) high stiff headrest4) inflatable airbag

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26
Q

A noxious stimulus that is more painful than expected is known as ________.

A

Hyperalgesia

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27
Q

When did board certification by the American Board of Integrative Holistic Medicine start?

A

2000

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28
Q

What year did the American Holistic Medical Association start?

A

1978

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29
Q

In the GI system, fennel has ________ effects and probably acts as an ________ and ________.

A

Antispasmodic, anticholinergic, calcium blocker

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30
Q

How are upper and lower crossed syndrome treated? (In what sequence)

A

1) Core retraining2) Stretch and lengthen hypertonic postural muscles3) Activate and strengthen inhibited dynamic muscles4) Maintenance (home exercises)

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31
Q

Homeopathy became popular with physicians in Philadelphia in what year(s)?

A

1830s

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32
Q

What are some herbs/nutritional medicines that can be recommended for irritable bowel syndrome?

A

PeppermintFennelProbioticsSaccharomyces boulardii

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33
Q

The lower ureters are innervated by what spinal cord level(s)? (sympathetics)

A

T12-L1

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34
Q

The upper ureters are innervated by what spinal cord level(s)? (sympathetics)

A

T10-T11

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35
Q

“Vital dynamis” is disease caused by deterioration of an immaterial vital principle in individuals and is associated with ________.

A

Homeopathy

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36
Q

In the ALS, the primary neuron synapses in the ________, the secondary neuron synapses in the ________ and the tertiary neuron synapses in the ________.

A

Dorsal horn, thalamus, cortex

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37
Q

Contraction of a muscle involves reciprocal inhibition of the ________ antagonist and ________ agonist.

A

Ipsilateral, contralateral

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38
Q

The Golgi tendon reflex occurs when ________.

A

Stress on a tendon becomes too great

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39
Q

The adrenal medulla is innervated by what spinal cord level(s)? (sympathetics)

A

T10

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40
Q

What are direct options for cervical injury?

A

Soft tissueMFRME (PIR)HVLA

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41
Q

Upper crossed syndrome involves weak ________ and ________, and tightened ________ and ________.

A

Neck flexors, middle/lower trapezius, upper trapezius/levator scapulae, SCM/pectorals

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42
Q

When did the first fellowship in Integrative Medicine begin?

A

1997

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43
Q

The primary motion of AA is ________ and accounts for the first ________ of this motion.

A

Rotation, 50%

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44
Q

Dysfunctions in hip extension can lead to ________ pelvic tilt, lumbar ________, and a number of other issues.

A

Anterior, hyperlordosis

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45
Q

The appendix is innervated by what spinal cord level(s)? (sympathetics)

A

T12

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46
Q

What are two other names for the “joints of Luschka” and what do they prevent?

A

Uncinate processes, uncovertebral jointsPrevent posterolateral disc herniation

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47
Q

The downward spiral is a combination of ________, ________, and ________ and leads to maintenance and exacerbation of somatic dysfunction.

A

Chronic inflammation, vasoconstriction, muscle spasm

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48
Q

The coupling at the OA joint exhibits type I like motion due to the ________ and the ________.

A

Lateral atlanto-occipital membrane, morphology of the superior facets of the atlas

49
Q

What are some examples of dynamic/phasic muscles in the pelvic/hip region?

A

Vastus medialis/lateralisGluteus minimus Gluteus mediusGluteus maxiums

50
Q

Inactivation of pain pathways can occur via two kinds of substances. These are ________ and ________.

A

Exogenous opiates, endogenous opioid substances

51
Q

The higher a stimulation risers above a threshold, the ________ the frequency of action potentials.

A

Greater

52
Q

The uterus and cervix are innervated by what spinal cord level(s)? (sympathetics)

A

T10-L2

53
Q

The TCM concept of acupuncture consists of ________ principle meridians and ________ “extraordinary” meridians.

A

12, 8

54
Q

Substance P is released ________ and builds up in concentration over ________.

A

Slowly, minutes

55
Q

The analgesia system suppresses pain by sending efferent signals to inhibitory complexes in the ________.

A

Dorsal horns

56
Q

A ________ degree strain/sprain is a ________ injury that consists of moderate-to-severe bleeding and swelling, spasms/hypertonicity, moderate-to-severe pain, relative joint/tissue stability, and 4-6 weeks of recovery.

A

Second, macroscopic

57
Q

Pseudounipolar sensory neurons contained within the dorsal root ganglia are capable of secreting ________.

A

Substance P

58
Q

Who first described upper and lower crossed syndromes?

A

Vladimir Janda, MD, DSc

59
Q

________ are receptors responsible for fast vibration.

A

Pacinian corpuscles

60
Q

________ occurs due to a neuron being repeatedly fired and thus results in a raised resting membrane potential.

A

Facilitation

61
Q

The maintenance of a pool of neurons in a state of partial or sub-threshold excitation is known as ________.

A

Segmental facilitation

62
Q

The ________ acts via the periaqueductal gray, periventricular areas, raphe magnus nucleus, and nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis.

A

Analgesia system

63
Q

Slow, chronic pain from chemical, mechanical, or thermal stimuli travels on ________ slowly.

A

C fibers

64
Q

Who described the 2 phase mechanism of whiplash and when?

A

Heilig (1960s)

65
Q

________ are receptors responsible for muscle stretch and load.

A

Golgi tendon apparatus

66
Q

The pathway for muscle stretch reflexes is a ________ pathway.

A

Monosynaptic

67
Q

Pain is suppressed by the ________, sending signals to inhibit pain input.

A

Brain

68
Q

What are the 4 R’s of Functional Medicine?

A

RemoveReinnoculationReplaceRepair

69
Q

The focus of ________ medicine is on systems, often starting with the GI system.

A

Functional

70
Q

What is the muscle firing pattern of hip extension?

A

1) Hamstrings2) Gluteus Maximus3) Contralateral lumbar erector spinae4) Ipsilateral lumbar erector spinae

71
Q

The ends of muscle spindles contract via ________ and the mid portion contains ________.

A

Gamma motor nerve fibers, sensory fibers

72
Q

When was the Office of Alternative Medicine set up with NIH?

A

1993

73
Q

Normal vertebral arteries can narrow as much as ________ of their luminal size on the ________ side to cervical rotation.

A

90%, contralateral

74
Q

Integrative medicine was first made popular by ________ at his program in ________.

A

Dr. Weil, Tucson, AZ

75
Q

What are the two ways intensity can be increased?

A

Spatial summation and temporal summation

76
Q

When a non-noxious stimulus is painful, it is known as ________.

A

Allodynia

77
Q

Lower crossed syndrome involves weak ________ and ________, and tightened ________ and ________.

A

Abdominals, gluteus maximus, hip flexors, erector spinae

78
Q

S. boulardii also helps prevent ________ associated with antibiotic use, tube feedings, and GI infections (especially of children)

A

Diarrhea

79
Q

Free nerve endings are not ________ and responsive to ________.

A

Encapsulated, noxious stimuli

80
Q

Nociception is the sensing of ________.

A

Tissue damage

81
Q

What are some theoretical causes of muscle imbalance?

A

Dysregulation of the CNSPostural adaptation to gravityChange in mechanical behavior of jointsHabitual movement pattersNoxious stimuliMuscle balance responds to physical demandsPsychological influences

82
Q

________ are receptors responsible for touch, slow vibration.

A

Meissner’s corpuscles

83
Q

Other GI effects that peppermint oil can have are:

A

Improve rhythmic peristaltic activity Relieves intestinal spasmIncreased bile secretionAntiulcerogenic effect

84
Q

The kidneys are innervated by what spinal cord level(s)? (sympathetics)

A

T10-T11

85
Q

________ is a non-pathogenic yeast strain isolated from the skins of tropical fruit and is used to prevent and treat diarrhea.

A

Saccharomyces boulardii

86
Q

The lower extremities are innervated by what spinal cord level(s)? (sympathetics)

A

T11-L2

87
Q

When the neck is rotated 45 degrees, the ability to normally extend ________ by 50%

A

Decreases

88
Q

________ are slow adaptive receptors in order to give the brain constant information.

A

Golgi tendon apparatus’

89
Q

The body knows when a sensory receptor is receiving more or less stimulation by ________.

A

The frequency of action potentials

90
Q

What are the three distinct biomechanical areas of the cervical region?

A

OA (C0-C1), AA (C1-C2), C2-C7

91
Q

________ are receptors responsible for pressure and joint rotation.

A

Ruffini’s end organ

92
Q

Cervical strain and sprain can be defined as:

A

Microscopic or macroscopic injury to the soft tissues of the cervical region

93
Q

The jaw is thrown ________ during rear impact and thrown ________ during frontal impact.

A

Inferiorly, superiorly

94
Q

An allostatic response is a _______ level change and is a generalized adaptive reaction to stress.

A

Macro

95
Q

The motions of C2-C7 are ________ and the coupling is ________ like.

A

Flexion-extension, Type II (rotation and side bending are the same)

96
Q

________ are rapidly adaptive receptors and give information about change as it happens.

A

Pacinian corpuscles

97
Q

A chronic facilitated muscle can lead to prolonged ________ of an antagonist and eventually muscle weakness.

A

Inhibition

98
Q

Muscle stretch reflexes are initiated by a ________.

A

Sudden stretch of muscle spindle.

99
Q

________ produces a protein that breaks down and inhibits the binding of C. difficile-produced toxin A.

A

S. boulardii

100
Q

Glutamate acts ________ and last for ________.

A

Instantaneously, a few milliseconds

101
Q

With prolonged stimulation, the frequency of action potentials ________.

A

Falls

102
Q

Golgi tendon organs are located in muscle ________ and give info about ________ and ________.

A

Tendons, tendon tension, rate of change of tendon tension

103
Q

Who introduced the term “whiplash” and when?

A

Crow (1925)

104
Q

An acute injury can be either ________ or ________, where as chronic injuries are usually just ________.

A

Microscopic, macroscopic, microscopic

105
Q

When was the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine established?

A

1998

106
Q

A ________ is a musculotendinous soft tissue injury and a ________ is a ligamentous injury.

A

Strain, sprain

107
Q

Pain can be suppressed by either activating the ________ or inactivating ________.

A

Analgesia system, pain pathways

108
Q

C fibers use ________ and glutamate as their neurotransmitters and terminate in the ________.

A

Substance P, substantia gelatinosa of the dorsal horns

109
Q

The superior facets of C3-C7 are positioned ________, ________, and ________.

A

Backwards, upwards, medial (BUM)

110
Q

When was the American Board of Integrative Medicine established?

A

2014

111
Q

Stimulation of the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus has a strong ________ effect on the entire brain.

A

Arousal

112
Q

The prostate is innervated by what spinal cord level(s)? (sympathetics)

A

T12-L2

113
Q

When it comes to adaptation, pain receptors adapt ________.

A

Little, if at all

114
Q

A ________ of the cervical curvature indicates a significant abnormality.

A

Reversal

115
Q

Why are individuals less likely to sustain an injury in a collision that is <15 mph?

A

Able to brace on the steering wheel

116
Q

The coupling of OA is ________ like and exhibits this coupling whether neutral or non-neutral.

A

Type I (rotation and side bending are opposite)

117
Q

Prebiotics are complex sugars used as ________ by bacteria.

A

Fuel

118
Q

The bladder is innervated by what spinal cord level(s)? (sympathetics)

A

T11-L2

119
Q

A ________ degree strain/sprain is a ________ injury that consists of little-to-no bleeding and swelling, joint/tissue stability, and a 1-4 week recovery period.

A

First, microscopic injury

OMM Final Exam Jason (12 decks)

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