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M1U3.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

The emission of particles & energy to become stable

A

Radioactivity

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2
Q

Other term for radioactive decay

A

radioactive disintegration

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3
Q

The process by which the nucleus spontaneously emits particles & energy an transforms itself into another atom to reach stability. It occurs when the nucleus contains too few or too many neutrons.

A

Radioactive Decay/ Radioactive Disintegration

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4
Q

Radioactive Decay/Radioactive Disintegration is the process by which the (1) spontaneously emits (2) & (3) and transforms itself into another atom to reach (4). It occurs when the (5) contains too few or too many neutrons.

A
  1. nucleus
  2. particles
  3. energy
  4. stabiliyy
  5. nucleus
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5
Q

Radioactive atoms that have the same number of protons

A

Radioisotopes

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6
Q

Two primary sources of naturally occurring radioisotopes

A

Uranium (U-92) & Carbon-14

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7
Q

TYPES OF IONIZING RADIATION

A

Particulate and Electromagnetic Radiation

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8
Q

Five Physical Characteristics of Ionizing Radiations

A

Mass
Energy
Velocity
Charge
Origin

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9
Q

It has finite range in matter

A

Particulate radiation

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10
Q

Examples of Particulate Radiation

A

Alpha & beta particles

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11
Q

Alpha Particle is equivalent to a —

A

helium nucleus

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12
Q

Light particles

A

Beta particle

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13
Q

Symbol of Alpha and Beta Particles

A

Alpha: α
Beta: β- or β+

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14
Q

Mass and Charge or Alpha and Beta Particles

A

Mass
α: 4amu
β: 0amu

Charge
α: +2
β: -1 or +1

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15
Q

Origin and Energy of Alpha and Beta Particles

A

Origin
α: nucleus of heavy radioactive nuclei
β: nucleus of radioactive nuclei

Energy
α: 4-7 MeV
β: 0-7 MeV

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16
Q

Range of alpha and beta particles

A

α: 1-10 cm (air); <0.1 mm (soft tissue)
β: 10-100 cm (air); 1-2 cm (soft tissue)

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17
Q

Ionization rate of alpha and beta particles

A

α: 40,000 atoms/cm
β: several hundred of atoms/cm

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18
Q

They are the same with electrons, they only differ in origin

A

Negative Beta Particles

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19
Q

Have the same mass with electrons

A

Positive Beta Particles

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20
Q

Other terms for Positive Beta Particles

A

Positrons
Antimatter

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21
Q

Examples of electromagnetic radiation

A

X-rays & gamma rays

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22
Q

Electromagnetic radiation only, differ in —

23
Q

Electromagnetic radiation is often called —

24
Q

A general term for x-rays and gamma rays

25
It has unlimited range in matter
Electromagnetic radiation
26
Has no mass and no charge
Photons
27
Photons travel at a speed of light(c) where c is equal to ---
c: 3 x 10^(8) m/s or c: 1.86 x 10^(5) mi/s
28
Only forms of ionizing electromagnetic radiation of radiologic interest
X-rays and gamma rays
29
Symbol, mass, and charge for x-rays and gamma rays
Symbol X-rays (X) Gamma rays (Y) Mass X: 0 Y: 0 Charge X: 0 Y: 0
30
Origins of x-rays and gamma rays
X: electron cloud Y: nucleus/radioactive nuclei
31
Energy of X and Y
X: 0-25 MeV Y:0-5 MeV
32
Range of X and Y
X: 0-100 m (air); 0-30 cm (soft tissue) Y: 0-100 m (air); 0-30 cm (soft tissue)
33
Ionization rate of X and Y
X: 100 ip/cm (equal to beta particles) Y: 100 ip/cm (equal to beta particles)
34
A type of radiation used in U.T.Z. & MRI
Nonionizing Radiation
35
Nonionizing Radiation is a type of radiation used in --- and ---
U.T.Z. MRI
36
Characteristics of stable nuclides
1. Neutrons exceeds the protons 2. No stable nuclide has A=5 or A=8 3. Odd Z and N
37
Factors affecting stability
1. Binding energy per nucleon 2. Nuclear size 3. Neutron to Proton Ratio (N/Z) 4. Ratio N/Z increases gradually with A
38
No stable nuclide has atomic number 43 anf 61, what elements have these Z?
Z= 43 (Technetium) Z= 61 (Promethium)
39
5 Modes of Decay
1. Alpha Decay 2. Beta Minus Decay 3. Beta Plus Decay 4. Electron Capture 5. Gamma Ray Emission
40
This occurs with nuclei that are too large to be stable.
Alpha decay
41
This occurs with nuclides for which N/Z is too large for stability.
Beta minus decay
42
Other term for beta minus decay
Beta decay
43
What does beta minus decay emit?
Positron and antineutrino
44
Extra neutron components disintegrates into either ---
proton/ β+ neutrino antineutrino/ β-
45
Other term for bet aplus decay
Positron emission
46
This occurs with nuclides for which N/Z is too small for stability.
Beta plus decay
47
What does beta plus decay emit?
Positron and neutrino
48
Instance when β+emission is not energetically possible, but an orbital electron can combine with a proton to form a neutron and a neutrino.
Electron capture
49
During electron capture, what remains in the nucleus and what is emitted?
The neutron remains in the nucleus, and the neutrino is emitted.
50
What does electron capture form?
Neutron and netrino
51
When a nucleus is placed in an excited state either by bombardment with high energy particles or by a radioactive transformation, it can decay to the ground state by emission of one or more photons called gamma-ray photons with typical energies of 10keV to 5MeV.
Gamma ray emission
52
When a nucleus is placed in an excited state either by (1) or by (2), it can decay to the ground state by emission of one or more photons called gamma-ray photons with typical energies of 10keV to 5MeV.
1. bombardment with high energy particles 2. a radioactive transformation
53
When a nucleus is placed in an excited state either by bombardment with high energy particles or by a radioactive transformation, it can decay to the ground state by emission of one or more photons called (1) with typical energies of (2).
1. gamma-ray photons 2. 10keV to 5MeV

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