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113 > Finals | Five X-ray Interaction with Matter > Flashcards

Finals | Five X-ray Interaction with Matter Flashcards

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1
Q

This refers to the x-ray beam before any interaction with the patient, grid, table, or image intensifier.

A

Primary Beam

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2
Q

The beam that interacts with the detector and will have been significantly attenuated.

A

Exit Beam

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3
Q

This is a direct result of the Compton effect in the patient and contributes the most to staff radiation dose.

A

Scattered Radiation

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4
Q

This is leakage from the x-ray tube housing. It doesn’t contribute significantly to staff dose.

A

Leakage Radiation

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5
Q

Emission of x-ray photons that originate outside of the anode focal spot.

A

Off-focus radiation

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6
Q

It interacts with whole atom

A

LOW-ENERGY X-RAY

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7
Q

It interacts with electrons (outer or inner shell)

A

MODERATE-ENERGY X-RAY

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8
Q

It interacts with nuclear field or nucleus

A

HIGH-ENERGY X-RAY

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9
Q

FIVE WAYS OF X-RAY INTERACTION WITH MATTER

A
  • Coherent
  • Compton
  • Photoelectric Effect
  • Pair Production
  • Photodisintegration
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10
Q

First described Coherent Scattering

A

J.J. Thomson

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11
Q

Other names for coherent scattering

A

Classical
Unmodified
Rayleigh
Thomson Scattering

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12
Q

Coherent scattering occur at —

A

below 10 kEv x-rays

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13
Q

During coherent scattering, the (1) interacts with the (2), causing it to become (3)

A
  1. incident x-ray
  2. whole atom
  3. excited
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14
Q

Results in a change in x-ray direction without a change in its energy

A

Coherent scattering

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15
Q

Scattered x-ray and incident x-ray relation in coherent scattering

A

Scattered X-ray λ = Incident X-ray λ

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16
Q

Is of little importance to diagnostic radiology

A

Coherent scattering

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17
Q

The incident x-ray interacts with the outer-shell electron and ejects it from the atom

A

Compton Effect/ Scattering

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18
Q

Ejected electron of compton effect/ scattering

A

Compton/ Secondary/ Recoil Electron

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19
Q

Results in a change in x-ray direction & reduction of its energy

A

Compoton effect/ Scattering

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20
Q

Scattered x-ray and incident x-ray relation in compton effect/ scattering

A

Scattered X-ray λ > Incident X-ray λ

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21
Q

Energy formula for compton effect/ scattering

A

Ei = Es (Eb + EKE)

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22
Q

Compton effect occurs at —

A

30 keV and above

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23
Q

Ei

A

incident x-ray

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24
Q

Es

A

scattered x-ray energy

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25
Eb
electron binding energy
26
E(KE)
electron kinetic energy
27
The probability of the Compton Effect is (1) to x-ray energy (1/E) & independent of (2)
1. inversely proportional 2. atomic number
28
The incident x-ray interacts with the inner-shell electron
Photoeelectric effect
29
Ejected electron of photoelectric effect
Photoelectron
30
Results in a total x-ray energy that is totally absorbed
Photoelectric effect
31
Energy formula for photoelectric effect
Ei = Eb + EKE
32
Phototelectric occurs at ---
10-150 keV
33
Characteristic x-rays are produced
Photoelectric effect
34
Three products of photoelectric effect
1. Characteristic x-rays 2. Photoelectron (ejected electron) 3. Positive atom (deficient of one electron)
35
Good effects of photoelectric effect
- No scattered radiation - Produce good quality radiographic image
36
Bad effecct of photoelectric effect
- Increase radiation exposure to patient
37
Total x-ray absorption
Photoelectric effect
38
The probability of the photoelectric effect is directly proportional to the (1) of the (2)
1. third power 2. atomic number (Z^3)
39
The probability of the photoelectric effect is inversely proportional to the (1) of the (2)
1. third power 2. x-ray energy (1/E^3)
40
The incident x-ray interacts with the nuclear force field
Pair production
41
Results: x-ray disappears & two electrons with opposite charge appear (positron & electron)
Pair production
42
Pair production occur at ---
> 1.02 MeV x-rays
43
Where is pair production useful in?
PET NucMed
44
Does not occur during x-ray imaging
Pair production
45
A process wherein the mass of positron & electron is converted to energy
ANNIHILATION RADIATION
46
The incident x-ray interacts directly into the nucleus
Photodisintegration
47
Results: x-ray is absorbed by the nucleus and nucleon/ nuclear fragment is emitted
Photodisintegration
48
Photodisintegration occur at ---
> 10 MeV x-rays
49
Does not occur in diagnostic radiology
Photodisintegration
50
Energy level of the five x-ray interaction with matter
Coherent: Low Compton: Moderate Photoelectric: Moderate Pair production: High Photodisintegration: High
51
Results of coherent
- Change in x-ray direction represented by scattered x-ray - No change in x-ray energy
52
Results of compton
- Change in x-ray represernted by scattered x-ray - Reduced in x-ray energy - Compton electron emitted
53
Results of phototelectric
- X-ray disappear - Photoelectron, characteristic positive atom are produced
54
Results of pair production
- X-ray disappear - Two electrons with opposite charge appear, annihilation radiation is produced
55
Results of photodisintegration
- X-ray absorbed in the nucleus - Nuclear fragment emitted
56
Different degrees of absorption in different tissues
Differential absorption
57
Results of differential absorption
image contrast & formation of the x-ray image
58
Differential absorption occurs because of ---
- Compton scattering - Photoelectric effect - X-rays transmitted through the patient
59
Differential absorption and kVp relation
Differential absorption increases as the kVp is reduced (↓kVp, ↑DA)
60
To image small differences in soft tissue, one must use (1) to get maximum (2)
1. low kVp 2. differential absorption
61
THREE TYPES OF X-RAY IMPORTANT IN MAKING A RADIOGRAPH
- scattered by Coherent and Compton interaction - absorbed photoelectrically - transmitted by the patient without interaction
62
THREE TYPES OF X-RAY IMPORTANT IN MAKING A RADIOGRAPH Those scattered by Coherent and Compton interaction
◦ Doesn’t provide diagnostic information ◦ Result: image noise
63
THREE TYPES OF X-RAY IMPORTANT IN MAKING A RADIOGRAPH Those absorbed photoelectrically
◦ Provides diagnostic information ◦ Appearance: radiopaque
64
THREE TYPES OF X-RAY IMPORTANT IN MAKING A RADIOGRAPH Those transmitted by the patient without interaction
◦ Provides diagnostic information ◦ Appearance: radiolucent

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