M2: Opportunistic Mycoses

Question 1

TYPES OFOPPORTUNISTIC MYCOSES

Answer 1

● Candidiasis, systemic
● Cryptococcosis
● Aspergillosis
● Zygomycosis/ Mucormycosis
● Hyalohyphomycosis
● Pneumocystosis

Question 2

● Mostfrequently encountered
● Endogenousinorigin or nosocomial
● Fungemia&disseminated infection

Answer 2

Candidiasis

Question 2

Fungal infections in the body which occur almost exclusively in immunocompromised individuals

Answer 2

OPPORTUNISTIC MYCOSES

Question 2

glycolytic enzyme; immunodominant antigen in
disseminated infections

Answer 2

Enolase

Question 2

Predisposing Factors- Candidiasis

Answer 2

● Alteration in the normal skin and mucous membrane barriers
● Prolongedantibiotic administration
● Useof immunosuppressive drugs
● Diseasesof the immune system

Question 2

breakdown of protein structures

Answer 2

Proteases

Question 3

family or proteins produced by cells usually in response to exposure to stressful conditions

Answer 3

Heat shock proteins

Question 4

○ seenon5%newborns,10%elderly patients
○ commonly seen on immunocompromised patients
with Diabetes mellitus, leukemia, lymphoma,
neutropenia, HIV
○ rarelyseenhealthy adults

Answer 4

OROPHARYNGEALCANDIDIASIS

Question 5

Clinical Manifestations- Candida spp.

Answer 5

Perleche
Oral thrush
Vulvovaginitis
Eye infections

Question 6

commonly seen on folds of skin such as the axillary area, groin, submammary folds etc; skin barrier is damaged due to constant exposure to heat and friction

Answer 6

Intertrigo

Question 7

infection usually occur underneath the nails causing it to weaken and produce too much nail debris

Answer 7

Chronic Candida Onychomycosis

Question 8

infection of the fingernails, especially around the cuticle area

Answer 8

Paronychia

Question 9

colors produced by the ff:
- C.albicans
- C. tropicalis
- C. glabrata
- C. krusei

Answer 9

• green
• blue
• purple
• pink

Question 9

useful in differentiation Candida spp. as they are
allowed to produce different colors

Answer 9

CHROMAGAR CANDIDA

Question 9

Identification of Candida spp.a nd other yeasts

Answer 9

CORNMEAL AGAR WITH TWEEN 80

Question 10

stimulates the conidiation by reducing the surface tension of the culture media

Answer 10

Tween 80

Question 11

Aprocedureonplanting organisms on either rice meal agar or corn meal agar to allow conidiation

Answer 11

DALMAU PLATE TECHNIQUE

Question 12

● hypha-like extension with no constriction at the point of origin
○ looklikes it was pulled away from the mother cell
● formeduponincubation w/ serum at 37°C for 1-3 hours
● similar to pseudohyphae but it has construction

Answer 12

GERM TUBE

Question 13

An acute, subacute or chronic fungal infection that has several manifestations
● infections are mild or asymptomatic, or does not require antifungal treatment for immunocompetent individuals

Answer 13

CRYPTOCOCCOSIS

Question 14

Etiologic Agents- Cryptococcus spp.
- primarily present in soil contaminated with bird
dropping, particularly of pigeons

Answer 14

C. neoformans

Question 14

Etiologic Agents- Cryptococcus spp.
- usually present in soil around trees

Answer 14

C. gattii

Question 14

cryptococcosis culture medias used

Answer 14

Niger Seed Agar
SDA without cycloheximide

Question 14

Identification of Yeast Cells: for cryptococcal capsular antigen

Answer 14

Latex test

Question 15

CRYPTOCOCCOSIS TREATMENT:
- For localized pulmonary disease
- For meningitis or other severe infection

Answer 15

fluconazole
amphotericin B

Question 15

● Infection, usually of the lungs, caused by Aspergillus spp. ● Immunocompetent individuals may be asymptomatic ● Acquired through inhalation

Answer 15

ASPERGILLOSIS

Question 15

apregillus spp that is the mostcommonagent isolated in immunocompromised individuals

Answer 15

Aspergillus fumigatus

Question 15

manifestations of aspergiillosis

Answer 15

● Invasivelung infection (common) ● Pulmonary or sinus fungus ball ● Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis ● Cerebral aspergillosis ● Disseminated types: (immunocompromised) ○ Keratitis, otomycosis ○ Onychomycosis ○ Sinusitis, endocarditis, CNS infection

Question 15

apregillus spp that is difficult to isolate

Answer 15

Aspergillus terreus

Question 16

apregillus spp that is commonlyisolated from fungus ball and otitis externa

Answer 16

Aspergillus niger

Question 17

An infection caused by a diverse group of fungal organisms either from the order Mucorales ● Rhizopus, Rhizomucor, Mucor, Absidia, Cunninghamella

Answer 17

ZYGOMYCOSIS or MUCORMYCOSIS

Question 18

etiologic agents of zygomycosis

Answer 18

○ Rhizopus(R. oryzae) ○ Mucor ○ Absidia ○ Cunninghamella

Question 18

hyphal structure that act like roots

Answer 18

Rhizoids

Question 18

hyphal structure that act like connectors

Answer 18

Stolons

Question 18

● Miscellaneous organism ● previously called Penicillium ● molluscumcontagiosum-like ○ acutaneousinfection ○ molluscumcontagiosum is a viral infection ● cutaneousulcers of extremities

Answer 18

TALAROMYCES

Question 19

○ commonenvironmental flora ○ severalmanifestations

Answer 19

HYALOHYPHOMYCOSIS - Fusarium

Question 20

● A lung infection ● Almost exclusively seen in individuals whose immune systems has been compromised by HIV or undergoing chemotherapy

Answer 20

PNEUMOCYSTOSIS

Question 21

opportunistic atypical fungus causing pneumonia in immunocompromised hosts

Answer 21

Pneumocystis jiroveci

Question 22

treatment of pneumocystis

Answer 22

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole