P1: INTRODUCTION TO MYCOLOGY Flashcards by Julia Kristine Cocal

Believed to be true organisms

Eukaryotic

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● Widely distributed in nature
● Break down dead or decaying matter; saprophytic

SAPROPHYTES

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Organisms that would acquire oxygen but
some can survive without

Facultative anaerobic/strictly aerobic

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Able to survive with different types of
chemicals; and absorbs things within the
environment

Chemotrophic

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May look like plants, but are
nonphotosynthetic

achlorophyllos

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ph of acidic environment

pH 5-6

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These molds are necessary to achieve the
palatable texture in cheese

Mycelia

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bacterias found in food

Penicillium
Saccharomyces

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is needed for the growth of bread

Yeast

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is a member under Penicillium
chrysogenum

Pencillium notatum

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an antidepressant

Cyclosporin

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The best source of Penicillin

Penicillium rubens

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example of cyclosporin

Tolypocladium inflatum

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NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF FUNGI

PHYTOPATHOGEN
Mycoses

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Most common fungal infection

Ringworm infection

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fungal infection in Fingernails/toenails

Onychomycosis

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MORPHOLOGIC CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI

● Yeast (unicellular)
● Mold (Multicellular)
● Dimorphic

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fungal infection in Oral Thrush

Candidiasis

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type of yeast that exists in a single form or
morphology

MONOMORPHIC YEAST

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Unicellular fungi

YEAST

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Mycelia is divided based on where they are found

Vegetative/Thallus
Reproductive/Aerial

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examples of monomorphic yeast

Candida albicans
Cryptococcus neoformans
Geotrichum candidum

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Location: Underground in the substrate
Function: Responsible for nutrient absorption, supporting fungal growth.

Vegetative/Thallus

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Location: Aboveground, developing from the vegetative mycelium.
Function: Specialized for reproduction, forming structures like mushrooms, sporangia, and producing spores for dispersal.

Reproductive/Aerial

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Structure: Thread-like, tubular structures forming the body of the fungus. Function: Constitutes the mycelium; involved in nutrient absorption and fungal growth.

Hyphae/filaments

Structure: Small, asexual reproductive structures. Function: Serve as a means of asexual reproduction, capable of germinating into new fungal colonies.

Conidia

These organisms are considered TRUE MOLDS; maintain a consistent appearance regardless of their surroundings.

MONOMORPHIC MOLDS

examples of monomorphic molds

Microsporum Epidermophyton Trichophyton

Group of fungal elements that are able to express themselves as yeast or molds depending on the temperature on where they are cultured

DIMORPHIC FUNGI

the most common form of fungal organism in our body

YEAST FORM

Able to cause fatal and deadly infections; common in dusty areas

Thermal dimorphism

mold form temp

25-30

yeast form temp

35-37

Very common opportunistic fungi in patients with HIV

Penicillium marneffei

Structure: Consists of distinct cells separated by septa (cross-walls) Function: Septa regulate the flow of cytoplasm and nutrients between cells, contributing to the organization of the hypha.

SEPTATE HYPHAE

Dark and pigmented hyphae

Dematiaceous hyphae

Structure: Lacks septa, forming a continuous, multinucleate structure. Function: Cytoplasm and nuclei can move freely throughout the hypha, allowing for rapid nutrient transport and growth.

COENOCYTIC HYPHAE

Non-pigmented hyphae

Hyaline hyphae

HYPHAL SHAPES

Spiral hyphae Antler Hyphae Pectinate Body Nodular Organ Racquet Hyphae

hyphae that is sparsely septated

COENOCYTIC

hyphae that is dark and pigmented septate hyphae

DEMATIACEOUS FUNGI

hyphae that is Septate, non-pigmented hyphae

HYALINE MOLDS

● Structure ○ Polysaccharide ● Functions ○ Antiphagocytic factor

CAPSULE

Provides shape, rigidity and strength, protection from osmotic shock and mediates attachment of the organism to the host cell

CELL WALL

Protects cytoplasm, regulates intake and secretion of solute, facilitate capsule and cell wall synthesis

CELLULAR MEMBRANE

Main sterol found in humans

Cholesterol

Brain of the cell

Nucleus

very common target of our antifungal drugs

ergosterol

Outer covering of nucleus

Nuclear membrane

Main producer of ribosomes

Nucleolus

Protein synthesis

Ribosomes

Production of lipids

sER

Site for protein synthesis

rER

Powerhouse of the cell

Mitochondria

Temporary storage and transport of nutrients

Vacuoles

The most significant manner of reproduction; those who are able to reproduce sexually are referred as PERFECT FUNGI

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

mating of 2 genetically different strains

PLASMOGAMY

mating of the 2 nucleus inside the dikaryon

KARYOGAMY

produces 4 haploid spores

MEIOSIS

● Enclosed in a thick wall ● Commonly produced by Rhizopus (Bread mold) and Mucor ● Parents of different genetic composition fused (top illustration) producing the gamete, eventually becoming a zygote.

ZYGOSPORE

Produced in ascus

ASCOSPORE

the reproductive cells

ascospores

enclose and release ascospores

ascus

needs of asexual reproduction

1. Spore 2. Conducive growing ground

Commonly produced by mushrooms Formed externally on a base pedestal

BASIDIOSPORE

house the asci

ascocarps

found on the fruiting body which is a principal structure.

Asexual Spore

Is the process of asexual spore (conidia) formation in fungi. It involves the initiation, differentiation, and formation of specialized structures called

CONIDIOGENESIS

A SEPTUM FIRST APPEARS before a cell develops into a spore

THALLIC CONIDIA

Fragmented septate hyphae

ARTHROCONIDIA

Thick walled formed along the periphery or tip of the hyphae Forms on scars or on the septum

CHLAMYDOSPORE

PARENT CELL HAS ALREADY EXTENDED first before the septum has been created

BLASTIC CONIDIA

● A new spore DOES develop at the scar ● A chain of spores may develop; cars will stack on top of each other

ANELLOSPORES

● Formed by budding of a hypha or yeast cell ● ALL WALL LAYERS ARE INVOLVED ● The spore may remain attached and bud further blastospores

BLASTOSPORES

● Also known as “Tretic” or “Poroconidia” ● Spore emerges through a distinct 'pore' in the hyphal wall

POROSPORES

● Spores that are formed on top of a phialide ● Forms in succession ● Each spore is pushed up from the end of the conidiophore

PHIALOSPORES

Produced on PORES

POROSPORES

Produced on top of SCARS

ANELLOSPORES

Produced on top of PHIALIDES

PHIALOSPORES

● The stem that holds the spores; specially if the spore has no outer covering ● Specialized hyphae that grows erect; on top of it are the spores

CONIDIOPHORE

Has a sporangia which is a sac-like structure that encases the conidia

SPORANGIOPHORE

4 classes of fungal elements and they are based on the types of spores that they produce sexually.

Zygomycetes Basidiomycetes Ascomycetes Deuteromycetes

Sporangium fungi

ZYGOMYCOTA

● Description: Root-like structures that extend from the lower surface ● Function: Anchor the fungus and aid in the absorption of nutrients from the surrounding environment.

Rhizoids

● Description: a horizontal, above-ground stem or runner that grows along the surface of the substrate. ● Function: They enable the plant or fungus to produce new individuals by growing horizontally, forming roots and shoots at nodes along their length.

Stolon

● SAC FUNGI ● Reproduction through: ○ Conidiospores (asexual) ○ Ascospores (sexual) ○ Buds

ASCOMYCOTA

● CLUB FUNGI ● Some are used as food

BASIDIOMYCOTA

protects the immature mushroom

Volva

Heterogenous group of unrelated species in which SEXUAL REPRODUCTION HAS NEVER BEEN OBSERVED

DEUTEROMYCOTA