M2 PART1

Question 1

• uses vaseline jelly
• longer observation of specimen
• doesnt dry out easily

Answer 1

HANGING DROP TEST

Question 2

• uses light
• non viable (killed MO, except virus)
• stained
• arrangement, shape, and size

Answer 2

BRIGHT FIELD

Question 3

• opauqe dark condenser
• unstained MO on dark background
• live, motility of cells

Answer 3

DARK FIELD

Question 4

• annular diaphragm
• unstained, contrasted structures
• internal structures, live eukaryotes
• two shades of gray/black

Answer 4

PHASE CONTRAST

Question 5

• shorter wavelength
• 0.2 um
• 100 - 2,00,000
• alternating light and dark areas contrasting internal cell structures
• ultrathin slices of MO
• electron microscope

Answer 5

TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

Question 6

• 10 - 20,000
• surfaces and textures of MO and cell components
• microbial surfaces
• thin coat

Answer 6

SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

Question 7

• UV light
• outline of MO coated with flourescent-tagged antibodies

Answer 7

FLOURESCENCE

Question 8

A process of artificially coloring microorganisms with dyes in order to facilitate their study under the microscope.

Answer 8

STAINING

Question 9

it is an organic compound consisting of benzene rings.

Answer 9

DYES

Question 10

The best bacterial stains are

Answer 10

ANILINE DYE

Question 11

• positively-charged
• stains negatively charged
• ✓Examples: Crystal violet, safranin, methylene blue and malachite green

Answer 11

BASIC DYE

Question 12

• negatively-charged
• stains basic/positively charged
• ✓Nigrosine, congo red, eosin and acid fuchsin

Answer 12

ACIDIC DYE

Question 13

• combines basic & acidic
• methylene & eosin

Answer 13

NEUTRAL DYE

Question 14

A thin film of material containing the MO is spread over the slide

Answer 14

SMEAR

Question 15

The process of fixing MO or killing the MO and attaching them to the slide

Answer 15

FIXATION

Question 16

Ways of fixation

Answer 16

✓Heat-fixing
✓Air-drying
✓Chemical fixation

Question 17

Why is it important to fix the MO to the slides?

Answer 17

so it will not be washed away
for penetration

Question 18

• A staining procedure that uses two or more dye
• A type of staining that reacts differently with different MO
  PURPOSE:
  ✓ To contrast two or more organisms which maybe of the same or different species.

Answer 18

DIFERENTIAL STAINING

Question 19

differential stain (GRAM STAIN) that was developed by ____ in 1884

Answer 19

HANS CHRISTIAN GRAM

Question 20

It classifies bacteria as Gram + and Gram –

Answer 20

GRAM STAIN

Question 21

GRAM STAIN

Primary stain

Answer 21

CRYSTAL VIOLET

Question 22

GRAM STAIN

MORDANT

Answer 22

gram’s iodine

Question 23

GRAM STAIN

DECOLORIZER

Answer 23

alcohol

Question 24

GRAM STAIN

COUNTERSTAIN

Answer 24

Safranin

Question 25

# **GRAM STAIN** STEPS | 1-8

Answer 25

1. Prepare 2. Primary stain - Crystal Violet 3. Mordant - Gram's iodine 4. Rinse - distilled water 5. Decolorize - ethyl alcohol 95% 6. Rinse 7. Counterstain - Safranin 8. Rinse, Dry, Observe

Question 26

# **GRAM POSITIVE OR GRAM NEGATIVE** **thick** peptidoglycan

Answer 26

GRAM POSITIVE

Question 27

# **GRAM POSITIVE OR GRAM NEGATIVE** **thin** peptidoglycan

Answer 27

GRAM NEGATIVE

Question 28

# **GRAM POSITIVE OR GRAM NEGATIVE** 90% peptidoglycan

Answer 28

GRAM POSITIVE

Question 29

# **GRAM POSITIVE OR GRAM NEGATIVE** 5 - 10% peptidoglycan

Answer 29

GRAM NEGATIVE

Question 30

# **GRAM POSITIVE OR GRAM NEGATIVE** Teichoic acids

Answer 30

GRAM POSITIVE

Question 31

# **GRAM POSITIVE OR GRAM NEGATIVE** **NO** teichoic acids

Answer 31

GRAM NEGATIVE

Question 32

# **GRAM POSITIVE OR GRAM NEGATIVE** **not many** polysaccharides

Answer 32

GRAM POSITIVE

Question 33

# **GRAM POSITIVE OR GRAM NEGATIVE** outer membrance has lipids, polysaccharide

Answer 33

GRAM NEGATIVE

Question 34

# **GRAM STAINING** **blue** or **purple** color

Answer 34

GRAM POSITIVE

Question 35

# **GRAM STAINING** **pink** or **red** in color

Answer 35

GRAM NEGATIVE

Question 36

The **Gram stain** should be performed on a **fresh** ____ hour culture

Answer 36

18 - 24hour

Question 37

# **GRAM STAIN** If the smear is **not** ____ or ____, or if the staining procedure is **not performed correctly**, the cells will appear Gram-**variable**

Answer 37

thinly or evenly made

Question 38

Which step is the most crucial or most likely to cause poor results in the Gram stain? and why?

Answer 38

decolorization

Question 39

gram negative will look like postive

Answer 39

under decolorization

Question 40

# Bacteria that **cannot be seen** by Gram staining Thick lipid layer containing **mycolic acid**

Answer 40

MYOBACTERIUM

Question 41

# Bacteria that **cannot be seen** by Gram staining **Atypical** cell wall

Answer 41

MYCOPLASMA

Question 42

* A differential stain developed by **Franz Ziehl** and **Friedrich Neelsen**. * Binds strongly only to bacteria that have a **WAXY** material in their cell walls. * It classifies the bacteria from acid-fast to non-acid fast.

Answer 42

ACID FAST STAIN

Question 43

**acid fast stain** is **developed** by

Answer 43

FRANZ ZEIHL FRIEDRICH NEELSEN

Question 44

# **ACID FAST STAINING REAGENTS** PRIMARY STAIN

Answer 44

CARBOLFUCHSIN

Question 45

# **ACID FAST STAINING REAGENTS** MORDANT

Answer 45

HEAT

Question 46

# **ACID FAST STAINING REAGENTS** DECOLORIZER

Answer 46

ACID-ALCOHOL

Question 47

# **ACID FAST STAINING REAGENTS** SECONDARY STAIN

Answer 47

METHYLENE BLUE

Question 48

# **ACID FAST STAINING** STEPS

Answer 48

1. Primary stain - Carbolfuchsin 2. Mordant - heat 3. Decolorizer - Acid alcohol 4. Counterstain/Secondary stain - Methylene blue

Question 49

**ACID FAST** microorganisms

Answer 49

MYOACTERIUM NOCARDIA

Question 50

# **ACID FAST MO** has **large amount** of **lipids**

Answer 50

MYOBACTERIUM

Question 51

# **ACID FAST MO** **partially** acid fast

Answer 51

NOCARDIA

Question 52

* “**Indirect staining**” * Preparing **colorless** bacteria **against** a **colored background** * Reagent: **Nigrosine** or **India Pink**

Answer 52

NEGATIVE STAINING

Question 53

**NEGATIVE STAINING** reagent

Answer 53

Nigrosine India Pink

Question 54

Staining procedure used to **color**, **isolate**, **identify** and **study** specific **parts** or **structures** of MO

Answer 54

SPECIAL STAINING

Question 55

SPECIAL STAINING

Answer 55

✓Flagella Staining ✓Spore staining ✓Capsule staining

Question 56

**ENDOSPORE** staining is also called

Answer 56

Schaeffer-Fulton Endospore stain

Question 57

special **resistant**, **dormant** structure formed within a cell that **PROTECTS** a bacterium from **adverse ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION**

Answer 57

ENDOSPORE

Question 58

# **ENDOSPORE STAINING REAGENTS** PRIMARY STAIN

Answer 58

Malachite green

Question 59

# **ENDOSPORE STAINING REAGENTS** DECOLORIZER

Answer 59

ACID ALCOHOL

Question 60

# **ENDOSPORE STAINING REAGENTS** SECONDARY STAIN

Answer 60

SAFRANIN

Question 61

# **ENDOSPORE STAINING** **identifies** what organisms

Answer 61

BACILLUS CLOSTRIDIUM

Question 62

# **ENDOSPORE STAINING** spores may be **located**

Answer 62

terminal central subterminal

Question 63

**CAPSULE** staining is also called

Answer 63

WELCH METHOD

Question 64

A staining technique that **stains the bacteria** and the **background** leaving the **capsule unstained**

Answer 64

CAPSULE STAINING

Question 65

# **CAPSULE STAINING REAGENTS** PRIMARY STAIN

Answer 65

CONGO RED / NIGROSIN

Question 66

# **CAPSULE STAINING REAGENTS** MILD DECOLORIZER

Answer 66

COPPER SULFATE

Question 67

# **CAPSULE STAINING** **identifies** what organisms

Answer 67

Streptococcus pneumoniae Cryptococcus neoformans

Question 68

capsule is ____

Answer 68

non ionic