M6 - Lesson 5: Mutation, Recombinant DNA and Polymerase Chain Reaction

Question 1

It’s a change in the nucleotide sequence in a molecule of DNA.

Answer 1

Mutation

Question 2

Some mutations are random, while others are caused by ______

Answer 2

mutagens

Question 3

It’s the substation of one nucleotide for another.

Answer 3

Point mutation

Question 4

replacement of G by C

Answer 4

Point mutation

Question 5

It occurs when one or more nucleotides is/are lost from a DNA molecule.

Answer 5

Deletion mutation

Question 6

loss of G

Answer 6

Deletion mutation

Question 7

It occurs when one or more nucleotides is/are added to a DNA molecule.

Answer 7

Insertion mutation

Question 8

addition of C

Answer 8

Insertion mutation

Question 9

It has a negligible effect to the organism because the resulting amino acid is identical.

Answer 9

Silent mutation

Question 10

identical / same amino acid

Answer 10

Silent mutation

Question 11

A mutation that produces a protein that usually has a small to moderate effect on the protein overall.

Answer 11

one different amino acid

Question 12

Some proteins, such as hemoglobin, substitution of just one amino acid can result in the ______

Answer 12

fatal disease sickle cell anemia

Question 13

If a mutation causes a big change, like producing a stop codon, the remainder of the protein will not be synthesized.

Answer 13

catastrophic results

Question 14

Its a disease when a mutation causes a protein deficiency or defective protein synthesis and this mutation is passed through generations.

Answer 14

genetic disease

Question 15

This results from defective cyctic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR); the effects are extremely thick lung mucus and low pancreatic secretions.

Answer 15

Cystic fibrosis

Question 16

This results from a deficiency of an enzyme needed from galactose metabolism and can cause mental retardation.

Answer 16

Galactosemia

Question 17

It’s synthetic DNA that contains segments from more than one source.

Answer 17

Recombinant DNA

Question 18

What are the three key elements are needed to form recombinant DNA?

Answer 18

DNA molecule
enzyme
gene from a second organism

Question 19

into which a new DNA segment will be inserted.

Answer 19

DNA molecule

Question 20

that cleaves DNA at specific locations.

Answer 20

enzyme

Question 21

that will be inserted into the original DNA molecule.

Answer 21

gene from a second organism

Question 22

First, bacterial plasmid DNA is cut by the _________, which cuts in a specific place.

Answer 22

restriction endonuclease EcoRI

Question 23

What do you call the one that gives a double strand of linear plasmid DNA with two ends ready to bonds?

Answer 23

sticky ends

Question 24

Then, a second sample is cut with the same EcoRI.

Answer 24

human DNA

Question 25

This forms human DNA segments with sticky ends that are _____

Answer 25

complimentary to the plasmid DNA

Question 26

This combines the two pieces of DNA that forms DNA containing the new segment.

Answer 26

DNA ligase enzyme

Question 27

Why does the DNA chain is slightly larger?

Answer 27

additional segment

Question 28

It amplifies a specific portion of a DNA molecule, producing millions of exact copies.

Answer 28

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Question 29

What are the four elements are needed to amplify DNA by PCR?

Answer 29

Segment of DNA
Primers
DNA polymerase enzyme
Nucleoside triphosphate

Question 30

A segment that must be copied

Answer 30

DNA

Question 31

short polynucleotides that are complementary to the two ends of the segment to be amplified.

Answer 31

Two primers

Question 32

to catalyze the synthesis of a complementary strand.

Answer 32

DNA polymerase enzyme

Question 33

the source of the A, T, C and G needed to make the new DNA

Answer 33

Nucleoside triphosphate

Question 34

What method to used in the DNA of each individual person is unique?

Answer 34

identification

Question 35

_______ can be used to obtain a DNA fingerprint.

Answer 35

Any type of cell

Question 36

The DNA is first amplified by PCR, and then cut by _____

Answer 36

restriction enzymes

Question 37

The DNA fragments are then separated by size by _____

Answer 37

gel electrophoresis

Question 38

DNA fragments can be visualized on after they have been separated

Answer 38

X-ray film

Question 39

It’s an infectious agent consisting of a DNA or RNA molecule that is contained within a protein coating.

Answer 39

virus

Question 40

It incapable of replicating alone, so ____ and makes the host replicate the virus.

Answer 40

it invades a host organism

Question 41

What are many prevalent diseases that are viral in origin?

Answer 41

common cold, influenza, and herpes

Question 42

It’s an inactive form of a virus that causes a person’s immune system to produce antibodies to the virus to ward off infection.

Answer 42

Vaccine

Question 43

What do you call a virus with an RNA core?

Answer 43

retrovirus

Question 44

Retroviruses invade a host and then synthesize viral DNA by _____

Answer 44

reverse transcription

Question 45

The viral DNA can then transcribe RNA, which then directs _____ (new retroviral particles to infect other cells)

Answer 45

protein synthesis

Question 46

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

Answer 46

caused by the retrovirus