Macro Minerals

Question 1

Calcium primary function

Answer 1

Bone building, electrolyte transport

Question 2

Calcium main source

Answer 2

Dairy, many vegetables, supplements

Question 3

Calcium deficiency//toxicity

Answer 3

Osteoporosis (CVD??!!)

Question 4

Calcium absorption…

Answer 4

rate varies

Question 5

Interesting Calcium metabolism

Answer 5

Electrolyte role vs. Bone role

Question 6

Calcium subgroups

Answer 6

it’s a common deficiency, found in women, adolescents, and the elderly

Question 7

Risk Factor vs. Health Outcomes RE: Calcium

Answer 7

If calcium supplements increase bone density, but don’t prevent fractures, what is the point of taking them?

Question 8

Is it plausible that increased calcium supplements might prevent fractures

Answer 8

YES

Question 9

Confounding factors in calcium controversy

Answer 9

Physical activity + weight; Dietary intake

Question 10

Does the bone provide an inexhaustible reserve of calcium,

Answer 10

pretty much

Question 11

Calcium RDA

Answer 11

1000-1300 mg/day, with children at high end and men at low end.

No one is getting 100%.

Question 12

What’s the absorption issues with calcium

Answer 12

500 mg per dose is considered optimal, while higher doses lead to lower rates of absorption.

Question 13

Phosphorus is the…

Answer 13

2nd most abundant mineral in the body; 85% is found in the bone

Question 14

Phosphorus RDA

Answer 14

1250 mg/day in children

700mg/day in adults

Question 15

are there any phosphorus deficiencies

Answer 15

no

Question 16

Phosphorus primary function

Answer 16

Bone

Question 17

Phosphorus source

Answer 17

animal foods

Question 18

Half of Magnesium is located…

Answer 18

in the bones

Question 19

Magnesium RDA

Answer 19

240-420mg/day

Question 20

Primary function of magnesium

Answer 20

Bone and over 300 enzymes production

Question 21

Main sources of magnesium

Answer 21

plant foods

Question 22

Major deficiency//toxicity for Magnesium

Answer 22

None//Among supplement abusers; laxatives-acid/base imbalance

Question 23

What’s the tolerable upper intake level of sodium

Answer 23

2,300 mg/day for healthy adults, 1,500 mg/day if you have hypertension or are over 51 years old. (50% of the population)

Question 24

What accounts for 75% of sodium intake in the US

Answer 24

Processed foods

Question 25

sodium primary function

Answer 25

extracellular cation

Question 26

sodium deficiency

Answer 26

none

Question 27

population subgroups for sodium

Answer 27

salt sensitive individuals

Question 28

sodium controversy

Answer 28

on DASH diets, all sodium levels held constant between control, v+f, and v+f+low fat dairy; is there evidence to push for lower sodium RDA?

Question 29

potassium function

Answer 29

intracellular cation; heart beat

Question 30

potassium sources

Answer 30

fresh, unprocessed foods

Question 31

interesting metabolism with potassium?

Answer 31

Might help lower blood pressure?

Question 32

Chloride (5)

Answer 32

``` body's major negative ion acid-base balance electrolyte balance stomach acid no RDA ```

Question 33

Sulfur (3)

Answer 33

helps proteins assume functional shapes no RDA deficiencies unknown

Question 34

Allicin

Answer 34

garlic

Question 35

Calcitonin ______ calcium blood levels

Answer 35

DECREASES

Question 36

Parathyroid hormone _____ calcium blood levels

Answer 36

INCREASES

Question 37

For whom would supplementation potentially be beneficial [calcium]

Answer 37

Calcium supplementation may be beneficial in older patients who take most of their pills and were more deficient to begin with

Question 38

In Calcium deficiency, the body responds by doing this (as regulated by Vitamin D and parathyroid hormone).

Answer 38

Intestine becomes more efficient at absorption, the kidney becomes more efficient at recycling, and the bone contributes calcium from breakdown.

Question 39

These are five possible risk factors for osteoporosis.

Answer 39

1. Low Ca++ 2. Low Vit D 3. Low Physical Activity 4. Low Body weight (or caloric deficit) 5. Genetics 6. Low estrogen 7. Older Age 8. Excessive tobacco & alcohol use 9. Excessive protein, caffeine, sodium, and soft drink consumption

Question 40

The three major functions of sodium in the body.

Answer 40

1. Maintain extracellular fluid volume 2. Acid-Base balance 3. Nerve transmission and muscle contraction