Macromolecules

Question 1

Which of the following are common monosaccharides found in nature?

Answer 1

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

Question 2

A sugar being broken down into glucose and galactose is an example of a(n) ______
reaction.

Answer 2

Hydrolysis

Question 3

What type of sugar are ribose and deoxyribose?

Answer 3

Pentose

Question 4

Match each type of carbohydrate with the number of sugar monomers it contains:
Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide

Answer 4

Monosaccharide: One monomer
Disaccharide: Two monomers
Polysaccharide: Many monomers

Question 5

Carbohydrates composed of two monosaccharides are called ____

Answer 5

Disaccharides

Question 6

Pentose sugars have _______ carbon atoms, and hexose sugars have __ carbon atoms.

Answer 6

Pentose sugars have 5 carbon atoms, and hexose sugars have 6 carbon atoms.

Question 7

What type of chemical reaction occurs when a glycosidic bond forms between two monosaccharides?

Answer 7

Dehydration

Question 8

The three chemical elements that are found in all carbohydrates are __ , ______ and ___.

Answer 8

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen

Question 9

The covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction is called a(n) __ linkage.

Answer 9

glycosidic (bond/linkage)

Question 10

Glucose and galactose are examples of:

Answer 10

monosaccharides

Question 11

Carbohydrate polymers are called:

Answer 11

polysaccharides

Question 12

Which of the following sugars are pentoses?
Maltose
Deoxyribose
Ribose
Galactose
Glucose
Sucrose

Answer 12

Deoxyribose

Ribose

Question 13

Match each polysaccharide with its function in living organisms:
Cellulose
Starch
Glycogen
Chitin
Glycosaminoglycan

Answer 13

Cellulose: Cell wall of plants
Starch: Energy storage in plants
Glycogen: Energy storage in animals
Chitin: Exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans and the cell wall of fungi
Glycosaminoglycan: Extracellular matrix and cartilage of animals

Question 14

Disaccharides are formed when monosaccharides are:

Answer 14

linked together by dehydration reactions

Question 15

In living things, starch is found in _ cells and glycogen is found in certain types of _ cells.

Answer 15

In living things, starch is found in plant cells and glycogen is found in certain types of animal cells.

Question 16

What changes occur during the formation of a glycosidic bond?

Answer 16

A hydroxyl group is removed from one monomer, and a hydrogen atom is removed from the other monomer.

Two monosaccharides are linked together by a dehydration or condensation reaction.

When two monosaccharides form a glycosidic bond, there is a net yield of one molecule of water.

Question 17

What type of bond forms between two sugar molecules?

Answer 17

Glycosidic bond

Question 18

Which of the following carbohydrates are polymers of glucose?
Sucrose
Cellulose
Glycogen
Starch
Peptidoglycan
Chitin

Answer 18

Cellulose

Glycogen

Starch

Question 19

When many monosaccharides are linked together, they form long polymers called __

Answer 19

polysaccharides

Question 20

Rank the following polysaccharides of glucose in order of most branched form (at the top of the list) to least branched form (at the bottom of the list):
Cellulose
Glycogen
Startch

Answer 20

1. Glycogen
2. Starch
3. Cellulose

Question 21

Which of the following accurately describes the function of cellulose, starch, and glycogen in cells?

Answer 21

Cellulose is used for structural purposes while starch and glycogen are used for energy storage.

Question 22

In what organisms are starch and glycogen found?

Answer 22

Starch is found in plants and glycogen is found in animals.

Question 23

Match the major class of lipid with its function in living organisms:
Fats
Phospholipids
Steroids
Waxes

Answer 23

Fats: Energy storage
Phospholipids: Plasma membrane structure
Steroids: form hormones important to reproduction
Waxes: create a barrier to water loss

Question 24

What type of chemical reaction occurs when a glycosidic bond forms between two monosaccharides?

Answer 24

Dehydration

Question 25

Lipids are molecules that are composed of primarily what two elements?

Answer 25

carbon | hydrogen

Question 26

Starch, glycogen, and cellulose are all polymers of the monosaccharide ___ .

Answer 26

glucose

Question 27

Match the polysaccharide with the degree of branching of glucose chains Cellulose Starch Glycogen

Answer 27

Cellulose: unbranched Starch: moderatly branched Glycogen: Most branched

Question 28

``` Match each type of lipid with the correct description of its structure: Triglyceride Phospholipid Steroid Wax ```

Answer 28

Triglyceride: Glycerol linked to three fatty acids Phospholipid: Glycerol linked to two fatty acids and a phosphate group Steroid: Four fused rings of carbon atoms attached to one or more hydroxyl groups Wax: Very long hydrocarbon chain

Question 29

Lipids are composed primarily of the elements:

Answer 29

carbon and hydrogen

Question 30

The major classes of lipids are | ____, ____, steroids, and waxes.

Answer 30

The major classes of lipids are | triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes.

Question 31

Lipids are nonpolar molecules that are

Answer 31

insoluble in water

Question 32

Which of the following are correct names for fat molecules, one of the major classes of lipids?

Answer 32

triglycerides

Question 33

Name all of the major classes of lipids.

Answer 33

waxes steroids phospholipids triglycerides

Question 34

How do fatty acids found in fats and other lipids differ from one another?

Answer 34

Fatty acids differ in length of the hydrocarbon chain. Fatty acids differ in the presence or amount of double bonds.

Question 35

What feature of lipid molecules makes them insoluble or poorly soluble in water?

Answer 35

Lipids are nonpolar molecules

Question 36

Fatty acids without carbon-carbon double bonds, are called ___ fatty acids.

Answer 36

saturated fatty acids

Question 37

Fats, a type of lipid, are also called ___ and contain three fatty acids attached to glycerol.

Answer 37

Triglycerides

Question 38

Which type of fatty acid has at least one C=C double bond?

Answer 38

Unsaturated fatty acids

Question 39

How does the presence of a double bond influence the shape of a fatty acid?

Answer 39

Double bonds between carbon molecules introduce kinks in the otherwise linear structure of fatty acids

Question 40

Compared to unsaturated fats, saturated fats:

Answer 40

have a higher melting point pack together more tightly

Question 41

What are sources of variation in fatty acid molecules?

Answer 41

The length of the the fatty acids and presence of double bonds

Question 42

A(n) ___ fatty acid contains one or more C=C double bonds. A(n) ___ fatty acid contains no C=C double bonds.

Answer 42

A(n) unsaturated fatty acid contains one or more C=C double bonds. A(n) saturated fatty acid contains no C=C double bonds.

Question 43

The C=C double bonds in fatty acids introduce a(n) __ into the linear shape of the fatty acid chain, which changes its 3-dimensional structure.

Answer 43

The C=C double bonds in fatty acids introduce a(n) kink into the linear shape of the fatty acid chain, which changes its 3-dimensional structure.

Question 44

Typically, fats found in animals (usually solid) are ___ fats while fats found in plants (usually liquid) are __ fats

Answer 44

Typically, fats found in animals (usually solid) are saturated fats while fats found in plants (usually liquid) are unsaturated fats

Question 45

Unsaturated fats have ___ melting points than saturated fats.

Answer 45

lower

Question 46

What accurately describes oils, such as olive oil?

Answer 46

Oils have low melting points and are liquid at room temperature. Oils are fats high in unsaturated fatty acids.

Question 47

Triglycerides contain long fatty acid chains that can be metabolized to make __

Answer 47

ATP

Question 48

A phospholipid consists of a

Answer 48

glycerol attached to two fatty acids and a phosphate group

Question 49

Oils are fats that are high in ___ fatty acids.

Answer 49

unsaturated

Question 50

What are the two major structural components of phospholipids that make them amphipathic?

Answer 50

polar phosphate group nonpolar fatty acids

Question 51

In a phospholipid bilayer, the ____ regions of the phospholipids face water and the ___ regions face the interior of the membrane away from water.

Answer 51

In a phospholipid bilayer, the polar regions of the phospholipids face water and the nonpolar regions face the interior of the membrane away from water.

Question 52

The function of fats in organisms includes:

Answer 52

energy storage

Question 53

A phospholipid molecule consists of

Answer 53

a head that is polar and hydrophilic, and two tails that are nonpolar and hydrophobic.

Question 54

What type of lipid is composed of a molecule of glycerol attached to one phosphate group and two fatty acids?

Answer 54

Phospholipid

Question 55

Phospholipids are amphipathic because they contain both __ and __ groups.

Answer 55

Phospholipids are amphipathic because they contain both polar and nonpolar groups.

Question 56

Which regions of a phospholipid bilayer face water and which face the interior of the membrane away from water?

Answer 56

The polar regions face water, and the nonpolar regions face the interior

Question 57

In an aqueous environment, phospholipids form lipid __ with hydrophobic ends facing the interior because this is energetically most favorable for these molecules.

Answer 57

In an aqueous environment, phospholipids form lipid bilayer with hydrophobic ends facing the interior because this is energetically most favorable for these molecules.

Question 58

What are all the parts that make up the polar hydrophilic region of a phospholipid molecule

Answer 58

Phosphate group Glycerol backbone Charged nitrogen-containing region

Question 59

A phospholipid consists of a

Answer 59

glycerol attached to two fatty acids and a phosphate group

Question 60

What type of lipid contains ring structures?

Answer 60

steroid

Question 61

``` Which of the following are common steroids? starch glycogen estrogen androgens cholesterol ```

Answer 61

estrogen androgens cholesterol

Question 62

Where is cholesterol commonly found in animals?

Answer 62

Plasma membranes

Question 63

Why do phospholipids arrange into bilayers?

Answer 63

The bilayer is the most energetically favorable arrangement in aqueous solution. The hydrophilic ends attract water while the hydrophobic ends exclude water.

Question 64

Steroids are lipids that contain what chemical structure that is distinct from other lipids?

Answer 64

carbon rings

Question 65

Cholesterol, estrogen, and testosterone are examples of:

Answer 65

steroids

Question 66

The steroid molecule called __ is commonly found in the cellular membranes of animals.

Answer 66

cholesterol

Question 67

Proteins are polymers composed of

Answer 67

amino acids

Question 68

Polysaccharides are polymers composed of

Answer 68

sugars

Question 69

Which group of molecules are insoluble in water?

Answer 69

Lipids

Question 70

Which category of macromolecules is associated with catalytic (enzymatic) activity?

Answer 70

proteins

Question 71

A negative control is a sample that you know will give you a negative result. You are testing for the presence of proteins, simple sugars, starch, and lipids in various foods. What would be the best negative control for this experiment?

Answer 71

Distilled water, because it does not contain any of the molecules you are testing for.

Question 72

__________ are organic molecules that are hydrophobic and composed of primarily of carbon and hydrogen atoms, plus some oxygen atoms.

Answer 72

Lipids

Question 73

What are the functions of lipids?

Answer 73

storage of energy membrane structure signaling molecules (such as hormones or neurotransmitters)

Question 74

What are the functions of proteins?

Answer 74

catalytic (enzymatic) activity transport of molecules/ions through blood and across plasma membranes structural support

Question 75

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

Answer 75

storage of energy structural support

Question 76

Which classes of macromolecules have a significant role in energy storage?

Answer 76

Lipids and Carbohydrates