Macromolecules

Question 1

although cells are 70% - 95% water, the rest consists of __________ __________

Answer 1

carbon-based compounds

Question 2

4 major groups of macromolecules

Answer 2

proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, & lipids

Question 3

a large organic molecule that comprises a large fraction of the mass of any cell

Answer 3

macromolecules

Question 4

most macromolecules are _______

Answer 4

polymers

Question 5

the subunit of a polymer

Answer 5

monomer

Question 6

a large molecule consisting of many identical or similar monomers linked together

Answer 6

polymer

Question 7

chemical reactions linking 2 or more small molecules to form a larger molecule with repeating structural units

Answer 7

polymer formation (polymerization)

Question 8

chemical reactions breaking a larger molecule into its repeating structural units

Answer 8

polymer breakdown

Question 9

hydrolysis & dehydration reactions are catalyzed by _______

Answer 9

enzymes

Question 10

a reaction in which 2 molecules become covalently bound to one another through the loss of a water molecule

Answer 10

dehydration/condensation reaction

Question 11

a reaction in which the bonds between monomers are broken by the addition of a water molecule

Answer 11

hydrolysis

Question 12

diverse in character or content

Answer 12

heterogeneous

Question 13

nucleic acids are ____________________

Answer 13

polynucleotides

Question 14

2 types of nucleic acids

Answer 14

DNA & RNA

Question 15

makes up genes; copied & passed through generations

Answer 15

DNA

Question 16

carries info from DNA to cytoplasm; functions in protein synthesis

Answer 16

RNA

Question 17

monomers of carbohydrates; simple sugars

Answer 17

monosaccharides

Question 18

the 2 sugar monomers linked together via a covalent glycoside bonds; form of sugar in foods

Answer 18

disaccharides

Question 19

polymers of sugar; energy storage & support

Answer 19

polysaccharides

Question 20

fatty or waxy organic compounds that are soluble in nonpolar solvents but not polar solvents

Answer 20

lipids

Question 21

contains 3 OH groups

Answer 21

glycerol

Question 22

nonpolar hydrocarbons with polar carboxyl groups that form covalent bonds with the hydroxyls of glycerol

Answer 22

fatty acid

Question 23

fats are ______ in water due to many C-H bonds and fewer polar bonds

Answer 23

insoluble

Question 24

________ store fat

Answer 24

adipocytes

Question 25

fat functions include:

Answer 25

storage, insulation, cushioning

Question 26

both hydrophobic and hydrophilic simultaneously

Answer 26

amphipathic

Question 27

_______ are lipids that have 4 fused carbon rings w/ various functional groups attached

Answer 27

steroids

Question 28

a macromolecule that consists of one or more polypeptide chains folded into a specific 3D shape

Answer 28

protein

Question 29

a polymer of amino acid monomers arranged in a specific sequence linked by peptide bonds

Answer 29

polypeptide

Question 30

a covalent bond formed by a condensation reaction that links the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of another amino acid

Answer 30

peptide bond

Question 31

secondary structure of a polypeptide that is folded into a helical coil

Answer 31

alpha helix

Question 32

secondary structure that consists of 2 polypeptide chains lying side-by-side forming a sheet-like structure

Answer 32

beta sheet

Question 33

the building block of a protein

Answer 33

amino acid

Question 34

loss of 3D structure & function of a protein

Answer 34

denaturation

Question 35

which term describes the cellular process of breaking down polymers to monomers?

Answer 35

hydrolysis

Question 36

_________ fatty acids are the simplest form of fats that are unbranched linear chains, while ________ fatty acids are more complex with bent hydrocarbon chains

Answer 36

saturated; unsaturated

Question 37

which bonds are formed during the formation of the primary structure of a protein

Answer 37

covalent peptide bonds between amino acids

Question 38

the more membrane fluidity, the _____ the number of double bonds in phospholipid fatty acid tails

Answer 38

higher