Macromolecules2 (lipids) lesson3

Question 1

lipid monomer

Answer 1

fatty acids

Question 2

lipid functions

Answer 2

structural support for cells, energy storage, and cell signaling

Question 3

3 main types of lipids

Answer 3

phospholipids, triglycerides, steroids and waxes

Question 4

Fatty acid definition

Answer 4

Long carbon chains with a carboxyl group (COOH) at the beginning, and methyl group (CH3) at the end.

Question 5

Saturated fatty acids formula

Answer 5

CH3CH2(n)COOH

Question 6

Alpha carbon

Answer 6

• carbon connected to the carboxyl group

Question 7

Beta carbon

Answer 7

• carbon connected to the alpha carbon

Question 8

Omega carbon

Answer 8

• the last carbon connected to H3 part of the CH3 methyl.

Question 9

how many carbons in Short chain fatty acids?

Answer 9

fewer than 6 carbons

Question 10

how many carbons in Medium chain fatty acids-

Answer 10

6-12 carbons

Question 11

how many carbons in Long chain fatty acids

Answer 11

• 13-21 carbons

Question 12

how many carbons in Very long fatty acids-

Answer 12

more than 21 carbons

Question 13

how many carbons in Palmitic acid

Answer 13

16

Question 14

how many carbons in stearic acid

Answer 14

18

Question 15

how many carbons in Arachidic acid

Answer 15

20

Question 16

Saturated- fatty acid definition

Answer 16

fatty acid that includes the maximum amount of hydrogens- each carbon has only single bonds. Example: palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachidic acid.

Question 17

Unsaturated fatty acid definition

Answer 17

does not include the maximum amount of hydrogen, includes at least one double bond.

Question 18

atherosclerosis

Answer 18

hardening of the blood vessels as a result of buildup

Question 19

what increases risk of myocardial infraction?

Answer 19

Saturated fatty acids tend to form solid structures that adhere to blood vessels. This can lead to atherosclerosis (hardening of the blood vessels as a result of buildup) and block the coronary arteries

Question 20

The number of carbons from the end of the chain until the first double bond is defined as

Answer 20

Omega ω

Question 21

Humans can only produce fatty acids with an omega….

Answer 21

higher than 7

Question 22

essential fatty acids

Answer 22

fatty acids with an omega lower than 7
must be obtained through diet.

Question 23

non essential. fatty acids

Answer 23

Fatty acids that can be synthesized by the human organism

Question 24

TAG (Triacyl Glycerol)

Answer 24

Glycerol molecule bonded to three fatty acid molecules by an ester bond (-o-). Found in the adipose tissue- it is what people refer to as fat.
Formed by a condensation reaction - H2O removed.

Question 25

TAG (Triacyl Glycerol) uses what bond to bind Glycerol to three fatty acid molecules?

Answer 25

ester bond

Question 26

TAG (Triacyl Glycerol) Functions

Answer 26

1. Energy storage - adipose tissue is a natural fat providing energy up to 6 to 10 weeks of starvation. 2. Temperature regulation - adipose tissue insulates the body. 3. Protection - adipose tissue cushions the internal organs.

Question 27

Phospholipids:

Answer 27

A class of lipids composed of glycerol connected with two fatty acids, and a phosphate group connected to an additional organic molecule, forming the head.

Question 28

the head of a Phospholipid is

Answer 28

polar and therefore hydrophilic

Question 29

The tail of a Phospholipid is

Answer 29

nonpolar and therefore hydrophobic.

Question 30

The organic molecule connected to the phosphate in a phospholipid group can be

Answer 30

choline, , serine or ethanolamine

Question 31

amphipathic molecule-

Answer 31

one side is hydrophobic and the other hydrophilic.

Question 32

phospholipid Functions

Answer 32

1. Compose cellular membranes and organelles 2. Store fatty acids 3. Compose part of lipoproteins- LDL, HDL, VLDL, Chylomicrons 4. The surfactant of the lungs is composed of phospholipids

Question 33

Cholesterol

Answer 33

A molecule composed of a chain of rigid sterol rings. It does not dissolve in the blood, therefore it travels connected to carrier lipoproteins;

Question 34

LDL

Answer 34

Low Density Lipoproteins transport cholesterol from the liver to body tissues “bad cholesterol”

Question 35

HDL

Answer 35

High Density Lipoproteins collect cholesterol from the body tissues and transports it back it back to the liver “good cholesterol”

Question 36

Cholesterol Functions

Answer 36

1. Serves as a precursor to steroid hormones 2. Used In the formation of the cell membrane- accounts for its fluidity and rigidity 3. Precursor of bile (מיץ מרה) 4. Precursor of vitamin D 5. Part of a fatty layer on neurons called the myelin sheet

Question 37

hypercholesterolemia

Answer 37

High levels of cholesterol in the blood

Question 38

forms of lipoproteins related to cholesterol in the blood

Answer 38

Very low density lipoprotein-VLDL Intermediate density lipoprotein- IDL High density lipoprotein- HDL Low density lipoprotein- LDL