The cell

Question 1

The cell def

Answer 1

Smallest basic unit of life capable of maintaining homeostasis- “biological self balance”, keeps a stable internal environment when external changes occur.

Question 2

types of organisms with Prokaryotic cell

Answer 2

unicellular

Question 3

types of organisms with Eukaryotic cell

Answer 3

unicellular + multicellular

Question 4

are Prokaryotic cells dependent on surrounding cells

Answer 4

independent

Question 5

are Eukaryotic cells dependent on surrounding cells

Answer 5

dependent

Question 6

Prokaryotic cells size

Answer 6

1-3 mm(micrometers)

Question 7

Eukaryotic cells size

Answer 7

10-30 mm(micrometers)

Question 8

does a Prokaryotic cell have a nucleus?

Answer 8

no

Question 9

does a Eukaryotic cell have a nucleus?

Answer 9

yes

Question 10

DNA storage in a Prokaryotic cell

Answer 10

in the cytoplasm

Question 11

DNA storage in a Eukaryotic cell

Answer 11

in the nucleus

Question 12

DNA structure in a Eukaryotic cell

Answer 12

in chromosomes

Question 13

DNA structure in a Prokaryotic cell

Answer 13

circular

Question 14

does a Eukaryotic cell have organelles?

Answer 14

yes, has membrane-bound organelles

Question 15

does a Prokaryotic cell have organelles?

Answer 15

no, doesn’t have membrane-bound organelles

Question 16

does a Prokaryotic cell have a cell wall?

Answer 16

most do

Question 17

does a Eukaryotic cell have a cell wall?

Answer 17

in plant and fungi cells, not in animal cells

Question 18

cell division in a Eukaryotic cell

Answer 18

mitosis/ meiosis

Question 19

cell division in a Prokaryotic cell

Answer 19

fusion/ budding

Question 20

cytoplasm composition

Answer 20

cytosol + organelles

Question 21

nucleus structure

Answer 21

is A double-membrane organelle (two phospholipid bilayer).
The membrane is highly selective and separates it from the cytoplasm.
The nucleus membrane contains nuclear pores, which allow passage in and out of the nucleus.

Question 22

nucleolus def

Answer 22

a darker area in the nucleus, a highly active area where synthesis of RNA takes place.

Question 23

nucleus Functions:

Answer 23

Contains the genetic code DNA/chromosomes
DNA replication
RNA transcription

Question 24

Ribosomes def

Answer 24

A protein factory composed of two sub-units - small and large. the number of ribosomes in a Cell depends on its metabolic demand.

Question 25

the 2 types of ribosomes:

Answer 25

Free floating ribosomes - moving freely in the cytoplasm, create proteins for the cell. RER bound ribosomes - located on the RER, create exported proteins and cell membrane proteins.

Question 26

ribosome main Function

Answer 26

Protein synthesis.

Question 27

small and large subunit of ribosome sizes in bacteria;

Answer 27

30s 50s

Question 28

small and large subunit of ribosome sizes in humans;

Answer 28

40s 60s

Question 29

RER def

Answer 29

A membranous continuation of the nuclear membrane, that is overlapping itself. Under the microscope the RER appears rough due to the high content of ribosomes attached to the membrane.

Question 30

The internal space between the membranes of the RER is called the...

Answer 30

ER lumen.

Question 31

RER Function

Answer 31

Part of protein synthesis- here, proteins undergo modification by adding sugars to the proteins in the lumen and get sent out.

Question 32

SER def

Answer 32

Appears smooth under microscope (no ribosomes). It's a series of membranes like the RER.

Question 33

SER Functions

Answer 33

lipid synthesis, create phospholipids, cholesterol for cell membranes metal storage - Ca2+, Zn, cobalt, copper Detoxification - breaks down drugs, alcohol and toxins, which is why the liver cells are abundant with SER.

Question 34

Golgi apparatus def

Answer 34

The mail service of the cell. The Golgi is composed of membrane-bound sacs called cisternae. The inside space of each sac is called lumen. The cisternae are arranged in a certain way: The cis face is closer to the nucleus, while the trans face is closer to the cell membrane. The medial face is in between the cis and the trans face.

Question 35

The Golgi is composed of membrane-bound sacs called ...

Answer 35

cisternae

Question 36

in the golgi, The ..... is closer to the nucleus, while the ...... face is closer to the cell membrane. The .......face is in between the cis and the trans face.

Answer 36

The cis face is closer to the nucleus, while the trans face is closer to the cell membrane. The medial face is in between the .... and the .... face.

Question 37

Golgi Functions:

Answer 37

The Golgi receives proteins from the RER ribosomes. In the Golgi they're arranged labeled and repacked. Modifies proteins, changing or adding proteins Packages exported proteins with vesicle Sorts proteins

Question 38

Mitochondria def

Answer 38

Powerhouse. Producing energy known as ATP. The mitochondria grows and reproduces by themselves without instructions from the nucleus. Has its own DNA containing 13 genes, producing its own proteins. The DNA is circular and self-replicating. Contains ribosomes similar to that of prokaryotes.

Question 39

Mitochondria Structure

Answer 39

Double membrane Outer membrane- permeable Inner membrane- selective permeability with folds called cristae. The folds increase surface area = more space for chemical reactions Intermembrane area located between outer and inner membranes Matrix -space within the inner membrane

Question 40

Mitochondria Functions

Answer 40

Aerobic respiration- Converts glucose into ATP Apoptosis - programmed cell death mitochondria creates and secretes enzymes that mediate cell self-destruction

Question 41

Vesicle def

Answer 41

A small phospholipid bubble, aimed to transport molecules such as proteins from the Golgi towards the cell membrane.

Question 42

Lysosome def

Answer 42

Lyses - break down, Som/soma-body Small sac with a membrane, containing digestive enzymes. Has a low pH of 5. The “digestive system of the cell”. Breaks down molecules.

Question 43

Proteasome def

Answer 43

a large protein complex in the cytosol responsible for degrading proteins which have been marked for destruction.

Question 44

Peroxisome def

Answer 44

A small membrane-bound sac containing hydrogen peroxide. Helps eliminate pathogens using free radicals. Acts as an immune system for the cell.

Question 45

The cytoskeleton def

Answer 45

Complex network of protein fibers, that determine the shape, strength, rigidity and cell movement. It is also the highway ofthe cells, a support and communication system in the cell.

Question 46

the 3 cytoskeleton fibers:

Answer 46

Microtubules intermediate filaments microfilaments

Question 47

Microtubules structure

Answer 47

25 nanometers. A hollow tube protein of two subunits: alpha tubulin, beta tubulin. The tubulin are paired as dimers. They can elongate and disassemble by adding or retracting dimers.

Question 48

Microtubules functions

Answer 48

Intracellular (inside the cell) transportation formation of mitotic spindle (takes part and cell division) formation of cilia - hair like structure on cells, and flagella

Question 49

Microfilaments structure

Answer 49

Thin filaments- 7 nanometers. Made of two Twisted chains of proteins called actin.

Question 50

Microfilaments functions

Answer 50

involved in muscle contraction provides support, shape, structure to the cell ring structure - divides the cell into two during mitosis.

Question 51

Intermediate filaments structure

Answer 51

Medium thickness - 10 to 12 nanometers in size. creates strong fibers like collagen, keratin.

Question 52

Intermediate filaments Functions

Answer 52

Intercellular communication (between cells) Provides structural stability and rigidity of the cell wall