Major endocrine glands and their specialised cells

Question 1

What is an endocrine organ?

Answer 1

Makes hormones that are released into the blood and travel to tissues and organs all over the body

Question 2

What do exocrine organs do?

Answer 2

Secrete hormones to outside of body

Question 3

Where is the pituitary gland found?

Answer 3

Hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica of sphenoid bone

Question 4

How is pituitary attached to hypothalamus?

Answer 4

Stalk called infundibulum

Question 5

What is diabetes inspidius caused by?

Answer 5

Deficiency of vasopressin

Question 6

What is acromegaly caused by?

Answer 6

Excess of GH in childhood

Question 7

What is hypothyroidism caused by?

Answer 7

Deficiency of TSH

Question 8

What is hyperpituitarism caused by?

Answer 8

Over secretion of thyroid hormones

Question 9

What is panhypopituitarism caused by?

Answer 9

Decreased secretion of most hormones from pituitary

Question 10

Where is thyroid located?

Answer 10

C5-T1 vertebrae

Question 11

What does isthmus do?

Answer 11

Unites two thyroid gland lobes

Question 12

What does external carotid artery supply?

Answer 12

Superior thyroid
Ascending pharyngeal
Lingual
Facial
Occipital 
Posterior auricular
Maxillary 
Superficial temporal

Question 13

Where is venous plexus?

Answer 13

Thyroid and anterior trachea

Question 14

What does superior thyroid veins do?

Answer 14

Accompany superior arteries to IJV

Question 15

What des middle thyroid veins do?

Answer 15

Run parallel to inferior arteries to IJV

Question 16

What do inferior thyroid veins do?

Answer 16

Independent to brachiocephalic veins

Question 17

Where do pretracheal, prelaryngeal and pretracheal nodes drain to?

Answer 17

Superior and inferior deep cervical nodes, brachiocephalic lymph nodes and thoracic duct

Question 18

Nerves in thyroid gland

Answer 18

Superior, middle ,inferior cervical ganglia, via cardiac, superior and inferior plexuses which accompany arteries

Question 19

Which nerve causes vocal cord paralysis?

Answer 19

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 20

What is in carotid sheath?

Answer 20

Common carotid artery, internal jugular vein, vagus

Question 21

Hyper symptoms

Answer 21

Tachycardia, diarrhoea, sweaty, weight loss, irritable, tremor, anxiety

Question 22

Hypo symptoms

Answer 22

Lethargic, bradycardia, constipation, low metabolism, weight gain

Question 23

Goitre symptoms

Answer 23

Non-neoplastic non-inflammatory enlargement due to iodine deficiency

Question 24

Carcinoma symptoms

Answer 24

Papillary, follicular, medullary - multiple neoplastic syndromes

Question 25

Where is superior parathyroid gland?

Answer 25

Above point of entry of inferior thyroid artery

Question 26

Where is inferior parathyroid gland?

Answer 26

Below point of entry of inferior thyroid artery into thyroid gland

Question 27

Which cells secrete PTH?

Answer 27

chief/principal cells

Question 28

In parathyroid cancer, which cells secrete PTH?

Answer 28

Oxyphil cells

Question 29

Blood supply to parathyroid

Answer 29

Branches of inferior thyroid arteries, veins drain into thyroid plexus of thyroid glands and trachea

Question 30

Where do lymph vessels supplying parathyroid drain into?

Answer 30

Deep cervical and paratracheal lymph nodes

Question 31

Nerve supply of thyroid gland

Answer 31

Nerve fibres supplying parathyroid gland are derived from thyroid branches of cervical ganglia

Question 32

What impact does PTH have on bones?

Answer 32

Release calcium

Question 33

What impact does PTH have on kidneys?

Answer 33

Reduce calcium clearance, vit D activation

Question 34

What impact does PTH have on intestines?

Answer 34

Activated vit D helps absorption calcium in gut

Question 35

Where are adrenal glands?

Answer 35

Kidneys

Question 36

Arterial supply of kidneys

Answer 36

Suprarenal artery (from inferior phrenic), middle suprarenal artery (from abdominal aorta), inferior suprarenal artery (from renal artery)

Question 37

Venous supply of kidneys

Answer 37

Right suprarenal to IVC, left suprarenal to left renal vein

Question 38

Phaochromocytoma

Answer 38

Paraganglioma (catecholamine secreting tumour) | Hypertension

Question 39

Neuroblastoma

Answer 39

Adrenal medulla | Childhood Ca

Question 40

Cushing's

Answer 40

Glucocorticoid excess

Question 41

Conn's syndrome

Answer 41

Hyperaldosterium

Question 42

What does zona glomerulosa do?

Answer 42

Aldosterone: kidneys retain Na and water and excrete K to increase BP and volume, ACTH transient control, angiotensin II when BP drops

Question 43

What does zona fasciculata do?

Answer 43

Glucocorticoids: cortisol, cortisterone, cortisone, ACTH, cortisol enhances glucagon and catecholamine - enhances metabolism

Question 44

What does zona reticularis do';

Answer 44

Androgens DHEA

Question 45

Neuroblastoma/Will's tumour

Answer 45

Kidney tumour, swelling in left scrotum (left gonadal vein and into left renal vein)

Question 46

Pancreas exocrine function

Answer 46

Pancreatic juice from acing cells into pancreatic ducts and duodenum

Question 47

Pancreas endocrine function

Answer 47

Glucagon A cells | Insulin B cells