CALCIUM is found in the ________
rough endoplasmic reticulum
CALCIUM is ABSORBED by ________ (2)
active transport
passive diffusion
ACTIVE TRANSPORT of CALCIUM uses the carrier protein ________ to increase Ca absorption
calbindin 9K (small intestine)
PASSIVE TRANSPORT of CALCIUM is ________
paracellular
What are the TWO causes of HYPERcalcemia? (Ca toxicity)
increased Ca intake
hyperparathyroidism
What are the THREE symptoms of HYPERcalcemia? (calcium toxicity)
fatigue
constipation
hallucinations
What are the TWO MAIN symptoms of HYPOcalcemia? (calcium deficiency)
tetany
osteoporosis (HYPOvitaminosis D)
What THREE things cause HYPOcalcemia?
HYPOmagnesemia (low magnesium)
HYPERphosphatemia (high phosphorus)
HYPERnatremia (high sodium)
What is the main symptom of HYPERphosphatemia? (phosphorus toxicity)
decreases Ca absorption
*HYPOcalcemia
What is the main symptom of HYPOphosphatemia? (phosphate deficiency)
arrhythmia
What are the THREE symptoms of HYPERmagnesemia? (magnesium toxicity)
slurred speech
migraines
muscle relaxation
What are the THREE symptoms of HYPOmagnesemia? (magnesium deficiency)
muscle weakness
cramping
* HYPOcalcemia
What are the TWO symptoms of HYPERnatremia? (sodium toxicity)
HTN (increased BP)
* HYPOcalcemia (increases Ca excretion)
What is the main symptom of HYPOnatremia? (sodium deficiency)
muscle cramps
What is the main symptom of HYPERkalemia? (potassium toxicity)
arrhythmia
What are the main symptom of HYPOkalemia? (potassium deficiency)
arrhythmia
A SUBCLINICAL deficiency is POTASSIUM causes ________
HTN
What are the THREE things that can cause arrhythmias?
HYPOphosphatemia
HPOkalemia
HYERkalemia
