Male and Female Reproductive Physiology

Question 1

what cells produce sperm?

Answer 1

sertoli

Question 2

what cells produce testosterone?

Answer 2

leydig

Question 3

name the male repro hormones and where they are released from?

Answer 3

GnRH - hypothalamus
Gonadotrophins - (FSH, LH) pituitary
testosterone - testis

Question 4

draw a diagram showing the hormone control and signalling in the male repro system

Answer 4

see notes

Question 5

when does spermatogenesis begin and end?

Answer 5

puberty and continues throughout life

Question 6

approx how many sperm are produced per day?

Answer 6

30 million

Question 7

how long does a full production cycle of sperm last?

Answer 7

60-75 days

Question 8

how long does transport of sperm to the epididymis take?

Answer 8

10-14 days

Question 9

how many sperm/ml of ejaculate?

Answer 9

15-100 million

Question 10

name for low sperm count

Answer 10

oligozoospermia

Question 11

name for no sperm count

Answer 11

azoospermia

Question 12

describe the process of fertilisation

Answer 12

a single sperm succeeds in burrowing through the corona radiata and zona pellucida and making contact with the oocyte’s plasma membrane. the sperm’s plasma membrane dfuses with that of the oocyte and the sperm releases its nucleus into the cytoplasm of the oocyte

Question 13

what cells form the blood testis barrier

Answer 13

sertoli

Question 14

function of the blood testis barrier

Answer 14

isolate secondary haploid spermatocytes, speramtids and spermatozoa from the immune system

Question 15

function of sertoli cells

Answer 15

They assist in the physical movement of developing sperm towards the lumen. They help to provide nutrients to sperm. Removal of waste from developing sperm. Remove excess cytoplasm following cell divisions. Sertoli cells provide support from spermiation.

Question 16

describe the counter current health exchange taking place in the male testis

Answer 16

Arterial blood going to the testis enters a dense network of capillaries coming from the testis and epididymis before reaching the spermatic cord. The arterial blood is cooled by the venous blood and helps to maintain a constant testicular temperature.

Question 17

what factors affect spermatogenesis?

Answer 17

testis temp
endocrine
loss of blood testis barrier
immunoloigcal reactions
environment
medication

Question 18

what temp should the testis be?

Answer 18

2 degree below body

Question 19

what may affect testis temp?

Answer 19

hyperthermia
mumps
viral
and other infections

Question 20

how may endocrine problems affect spermatogenesis?

Answer 20

reduction in gonadotrophins and androgens

anabolic steroids

Question 21

how may the blood testis barrier be affected?

Answer 21

physical damage

autoimmune

Question 22

how may the environment affect spermatogenesis?

Answer 22

occupational - car industry, welders, plastic manufacture, pesticide sprayer
radiation
smoking, alcohol

Question 23

what medications may affect spermatogenesis?

Answer 23

some anti-hypertensives and antidepressants

chemo

Question 24

targets for male androgens

Answer 24

deepen voice
male body hair
increased sebaceous gland activitiy
protein anbolism
CNS - aggressive 
hypothalamus and ant pit
penis - erective, copulatory and ejactulatory
striated muscle
prostate and seminal vesicles
testis

Question 25

male hormone levels: LH

Answer 25

1-8 U/L

Question 26

male hormone levels: FSH

Answer 26

1-11 U/L

Question 27

male hormone levels: testosterone

Answer 27

9-33 mmol/l

Question 28

male hormone levels: inhibin-B

Answer 28

140-220 pg/ml

Question 29

with a diagram show the developing female follicle

Answer 29

see notes

Question 30

name the two roles of oestrogen

Answer 30

``` low = neg feedback high = pos feedback ```

Question 31

with a diagram describe oogenesis

Answer 31

see notes

Question 32

with a diagram describe spermatogenesis

Answer 32

see notes

Question 33

draw a diagram showing: gonadotropin levels, ovarian cycle, ovarian hormone levels, urterine cycle, phases, basal body temp of the female cycle

Answer 33

see notes

Question 34

where is GnRH released from?

Answer 34

hypothalamus

Question 35

funciton of GnRH

Answer 35

secretion of LH and FSH

Question 36

where are LH and FSH released from?

Answer 36

ant pit

Question 37

function of LH

Answer 37

b. Maintain dominant follicle c. Induce follicular maturation and ovulation d. Stimulate CL function

Question 38

function of FSH

Answer 38

b. Stimulate follicular recruitment and development

Question 39

where is oetradiol released from?

Answer 39

granulosa cells

Question 40

fucntion of oestradiol

Answer 40

b. Supports female secondary sexual characteristics and reproductive organs c. Negative feedback control of LH and GnRH except during follicular phase – positive control of LH surge d. Stimulates proliferative endometrium e. Negative control of FSH

Question 41

where is progesterone released from?

Answer 41

corpus luteum

Question 42

targets from oestrogens

Answer 42

``` CNS ant pit hypothalamus fat distribution mammary gland bone maturation and turnover uterus, fallopian tube, cervix, vagina ```

Question 43

repro hormones in women follicular phase: LH

Answer 43

2-9

Question 44

repro hormones in women follicular phase: FSH

Answer 44

2-9

Question 45

repro hormones in women follicular phase: oestradiol

Answer 45

0.08

Question 46

repro hormones in women follicular phase: progesterone

Answer 46

1-4

Question 47

repro hormones in women peak: LH

Answer 47

80

Question 48

repro hormones in women peak: FSH

Answer 48

13

Question 49

repro hormones in women luteal phase: LH

Answer 49

0.5-12

Question 50

repro hormones in women luteal phase: FSH

Answer 50

0.5-8

Question 51

repro hormones in women luteal phase: oestradiol

Answer 51

0.08-0.9

Question 52

repro hormones in women luteal phase: progesterone

Answer 52

12-70

Question 53

repro hormones in women menopause: LH

Answer 53

64

Question 54

repro hormones in women menopause: FSH

Answer 54

134

Question 55

repro hormones in women menopause: oestradiol

Answer 55

0.02 - 0.03

Question 56

repro hormones in women menopause: progesterone

Answer 56

0.06-0,02