Male Pelvis Pathology Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
most extratesticular masses are _____
A
benign
2
Q
most intratesticular masses are ___
A
malignant
3
Q
what is the most common cancer of the testicles?
A
seminoma
4
Q
seminoma spread to draining lymph nodes in the ____
A
retroperitoneum
5
Q
stage 1 of seminoma
A
confined to the testis
6
Q
stage 2 of seminoma
A
spread to retroperitoneal nodes BELOW diaphragm
7
Q
stage 3 of seminoma
A
spread beyond retroperitoneal nodes ABOVE diaphragm
8
Q
risk factors of seminoma (6)
A
cryptorchidism
family history of testicular cancer
infertility
Klinefelter syndrome (XXY)
trisomy 21
smoking
9
Q
lab values of seminoma (3)
A
↑ BHCG
↑ AFP
↑ LDH
10
Q
what is the most common secondary malignancy of the testicles?
A
lymphoma
11
Q
nonseminoma consists of ___
A
other cell types besides germ cells
12
Q
what is the second most common testicular cancer?
A
embryonal carcinoma
13
Q
what is the most aggressive testicular cancers?
A
embryonal carcinomas
14
Q
lab values of embryonal carcinoma
A
↑ AFP
↑ BHCG
15
Q
what is the most common testicular cancer in infants and children?
A
yolk sac tumors
16
Q
what are the 4 kinds of nonseminomas?
A
embryonal carcinoma
yolk sac tumors
teratomas
choriocarcinomas
17
Q
yolk sac tumors are also known as
A
endodermal sinus tumors
18
Q
lab values of yolk sac tumors
A
↑ AFP
19
Q
what is composed of all 3 germ layers?
A
teratomas
20
Q
lab values of teratomas
A
↑ AFP
↑ BHCG
21
Q
what is the least common testicular cancer?
A
choriocarcinomas
22
Q
lab values of choriocarcinomas
A
↑ BHCG
23
Q
what are leydig cell tumors?
A
rare testicular tumor that produces testosterone which results in precocious puberty
24
Q
leydig cell tumors are always ____ in boys 5 to 10 years old
A
benign
25
lab values of leydig cell tumors
normal AFP, BHCG, and LDH
26
intratesticular cysts originate from the ___
rete testis
27
intratesticuar cysts occur near the ___
mediastinum testis
28
intratesticular cysts measurements
2 to 18 mm
29
tunica albuginea cysts appear in the __ and __ aspects of the testis
lateral and anterior
30
tunica albuginea cyst measurements
2mm to 3cm
31
2 types of testicular cysts
intratesticular cysts
tunica albuginea cysts
32
epidermoid cysts are also known as
keratocysts
33
epidermoid cyst measurements
1 to 3 cm
34
ultrasound appearance of epidermoid cysts (3)
"onion ring"
"bow tie"
"target"
35
what is testicular microlithiasis?
"scrotal pearls" between layers of the tunica vaginalis or within the testicles
36
T/F: testicular microlithiasis is usually unilateral
FALSE: testicular microlithiasis is usually BILATERAL
37
testicular infarct presents as __
a triangular-shaped avascular intratesticular lesion
38
what is a hydrocele?
serous fluid that accumulates within the tunica vaginalis or between the layers of the tunica vaginalis
39
congenital hydroceles are common in what ages of boys
1 to 2 years old
40
what is the most common cause of painless scrotal swelling?
hydrocele
41
T/F: there is no color flow in a hydrocele
true
42
what is a varicocele?
dilation of the pampiniform venous plexus
43
what is the most common correctable cause of male infertility?
varicocele
44
90% of varicoceles are on the __ side
left
45
varicoceles may produce aching pain with __ or __
prolonged standing or heavy lifting
46
varicoceles increase vein diameter with valsalva
> 2 mm
47
when bowel protrudes through the inguinal canal into the tunica vaginalis
scrotal hernia
48
the presence of __ confirms the diagnosis of scrotal hernias
peristalsis
49
what is the most common extratesticular tumor?
adenomatoid tumor
50
where are adenomatoid tumors found?
tail of the epididymis
51
what are spermatoceles?
dilation of the epididymal tubules
52
spermatoceles are filled with __
thick milky fluid containing sperm
53
spermatoceles usually found in the ___
epididymal head
54
what is tubular ectasis of the rete testis?
bilateral dilation of the mediastinal tubules
55
tubular ectasis of the rete testis are frequently associated with ___
spermatocele
56
tubular ectasis of the rete testis are more common in men over
55 years old
57
appearance of tubular ectasis of the rete testis
microcysts within the testicles
58
what is the most common cause of acute scrotal pain?
acute epididymitis
59
causes of epididymitis/orchitis (2)
GC/CT in men under 35 years old
UTIs in prepubertal boys and men over 35 years old
60
epididmitis appearance (4)
enlarged hypoechoic epididymitis
hyperemia
reactive hydrocele
scrotal wall thickening
61
orchitis appearance (3)
enlarged hypoechoic testicle
hyperemia
decreased arterial resistence
62
testicular torsion occurs in (2)
adolescents and neonates
63
testicular torsion causes an sudden onset of severe ___
severe unilateral scrotal pain
64
testicular torsion varies between __ to __ degrees
180 to 540 degrees
65
decreasing __ will optimize slow blood flow to rule out complete testicular torsion
decrease PRF
66
intravaginal testicular torsion is when
the testicle is not attached to the tunica vaginalis or when the testicle has high attachment
67
intravaginal testicular torsion causes
bell clapper deformity = testicle can rotate freely on the spermatic cord
68
extravaginal testicular torsion is when the __
testis and gubernaculum can rotate freely
69
extravaginal testicular torsion occurs exclusively in
newborns
70
time between the onset of pain and testicular detorsion and the corresponding salvage rate:
< 6 hours -
12 to 24 hours -
> 24 hours -
< 6 hours - 90 to 100% salvage
12 to 24 hours - 20 to 50% salvage
> 24 hours - 0 to 10% salvage
71
what is priaprism?
painful erection that lasts for more than 4 hours
72
ischemic priaprism is when
blood get trapped in erection chambers
73
ischemic priaprism occurs more often in men with (3)
sickle cell anemia (42%)
leukemia
malaria
74
what drugs can also cause priaprism (5)
depression meds
mental illness meds
erectile dysfunction meds
marijuana
cocaine
75
what is peyronie's disease?
fibrous scar tissue inside the penis that causes curved, painful erections
76
peyronie's disease is associated with (4)
Dupuytren's disease (trigger finger)
plantar fascitis
sjogren syndrome
scleroderma
77
side of the penis that touches the belly
dorsal/posterior
78
side of the penis that is scanned
ventral/anterior
79
prostate cancer risk in men is about
15%
80
prostate cancer incident increases with (3)
age
family history of prostate cancer
race
81
african americans are ___% more common to have prostate cancer
60%
82
PSA density =
PSA density = PSA level / prostate volume
83
ultrasound appearance of prostate cancer (2)
hypoechoic
peripherally-oriented
84
3 methods of prostate biopsy
lesion directed biopsy
systemic sextant biopsy
parasagittal sextant biopsy
85
which prostate biopsy method is based on a sonographic lesion and has a poor detection rate?
lesion directed biopsy
86
which prostate biopsy method takes 3 on the right and 3 on the left?
systemic sextant biopsy
87
which prostate biopsy method includes additional biopsy cores in the lateral aspects of the peripheral zone?
parasagittal sextant biopsy
88
stage 1 of prostate cancer
small lesion
low PSA
low Gleason
89
stage 2 of prostate cancer
lesion in prostate
medium PSA
90
stage 3 of prostate cancer
lesion outside of prostate
high PSA
91
stage 4 of prostate cancer
metastatic
spread to lymph nodes, bones, or organs
92
BPH occurs in the ___ zone of the prostate
transitional zone
93
BPH is common in males ___
50+ years old
94
treatment of BPH (2)
transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
open simple prostatectomy
95
utricle cysts are ___ shaped
pear-shaped
96
utricle cysts are ___ location at the level of the ___
midline location
level of the verumontanum
97
utricle cyts communicate freely with the ___
prostatic urethra
98
utricle cysts are associated with (3)
hypospadias - opening of the urethra not at the tip of the penis
cryptorchidism
unilateral renal agenesis
99
müllerian duct cysts are ___ shaped
tear-drop shaped
100
müllerian duct cysts are ___ location extending above the ___ posterior to the ___
midline location
extending above the prostate posterior to the bladder
101
müllerian duct cysts DO NOT communicate with the __
prostatic urethra
102
ejaculatory duct cysts are ___ in location
lateral in location
103
ejaculatory duct cysts result in (3)
hematospermia
ejaculatory pain
infertility
