Micellaneous Pathology

Question 1

what is a biloma?

Answer 1

extrahepatic collections of extravasated bile usually located in the RUQ

Question 2

bilomas are associated with (3)

Answer 2

abdominal trauma
GB disease
biliary surgery

Question 3

lymphoceles are complications of (4)

Answer 3

renal transplants
gynecologic surgery
vascular surgery
urological surgery

Question 4

what is a urinoma?

Answer 4

collection of urine located outside the kidney or bladder

Question 5

urinomas are most commonly associated with (2)

Answer 5

renal transplants
PUV obstruction

Question 6

developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a spectrum of disorders affecting the ___ and ___ that leads to hip subluxation and dislocation

Answer 6

prox femur
acetabulum

Question 7

risk factors of hip dysplasia (5)

Answer 7

female
first-born children
frank breech presentation
family history of DDH
oligohydramnios

Question 8

DHH is 3x more common in the ___ hip

Answer 8

LEFT hip

Question 9

what are the two clinical tests are used to evaluate an infant with DDH?

Answer 9

Barlow and Ortolani

Question 10

how is the Barlow test performed?

Answer 10

ADDUCTING the hip and pushing the leg posteriorly

Question 11

what are ascites?

Answer 11

excessive accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity

Question 12

two mechanisms that produce ascites:

Answer 12

low serum osmotic pressure (protein loss)
high portal venous pressure

Question 13

causes of ascites (4)

Answer 13

cirrhosis (most common)
renal failure
CHF
cancer (malignant ascites)

Question 14

ascites are commonly found at the (4)

Answer 14

inferior aspect of the RLL
Morison’s pouch
Pouch of Douglas
paracolic gutters

Question 15

what are pleural effusions?

Answer 15

accumulation of fluid within the pleural space

Question 16

what are transudative effusions?

Answer 16

pressure infilitration caused by increased hydrostatic pressure and decreased plasma oncotic pressure

Question 17

causes of transudative effusion (3)

Answer 17

heart failure (most common)
cirrhosis
renal failure

Question 18

what is exudative effusion?

Answer 18

inflammation caused by capillary permeability

Question 19

causes of exudative effusion (3)

Answer 19

pneumonia
cancer
pulmonary embolism

Question 20

what is pneumothorax?

Answer 20

absence of gliding of the parietal and visceral pleura

Question 21

what artifacts are seen between the parietal and visceral layers in the presence of pneumothorax?

Answer 21

comet tail artifacts

Question 22

paracentesis removes ___ for the pleural space

Answer 22

ascites

Question 23

thoracentesis removes ___ from the pleural space

Answer 23

fluid

Question 24

during thoracentesis, it is important not to aspirate more than 1.5L per day to avoid ___ and ____

Answer 24

hypotension and pulmonary edema

Question 25

Baker's cyst is also known as

Answer 25

popliteal cyst

Question 26

Baker's cyst symptoms may be mistaken for

Answer 26

DVT

Question 27

causes of Baker's cysts (3)

Answer 27

rheumatoid arthritis osteoarthritis overuse of the knees

Question 28

what is the most common tumor of the hand and wrist?

Answer 28

ganglion cyst

Question 29

what are Bible bumps?

Answer 29

large ganglion cysts

Question 30

ganglion cysts are treated with ___ or ___

Answer 30

corticosteroid injections surgical removal

Question 31

what is the second most common tumor of the hand and wrist?

Answer 31

giant cell tumor

Question 32

unlike ganglion cysts, giant cell tumors will have no ___

Answer 32

posterior enhancement

Question 33

direct hernias are ___ to the inferior epigastric vessels

Answer 33

medial

Question 34

indirect hernias are ___ to the inferior epigastric vessels

Answer 34

lateral

Question 35

spigelian hernias occur at the ___ of the rectus abdominus muscle

Answer 35

edge

Question 36

what are incarcerated hernias?

Answer 36

herniated tissue that becomes trapped and cannot easily be moved back into place

Question 37

pilonidal cysts are also known as (2)

Answer 37

intergluteal cleft or gluteal cleft

Question 38

what are pilonidal cysts?

Answer 38

loose hairs and skin debris found within the natal cleft (between the buttocks)

Question 39

what is cellulitis?

Answer 39

infection and subsequent inflammation of the skin and subcutaneous tissue

Question 40

cellulitis is caused by (2)

Answer 40

Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus pyogenes

Question 41

when cellulitis is identified, a thorough investigation for a ___ should ensue

Answer 41

focal abscess

Question 42

ultrasound appearance of cellulitis (2)

Answer 42

hypoechoic, edematous strands within soft tissue cobblestone appearance