Male Repro Flashcards
(92 cards)
1
Q
The male reproductive system consists of what?
4 sila accdg to junqueira
A
- Testes
- Genital ducts
- Accessory glands
- Penis
2
Q
____ is important for spermatogenesis, sexual differentiation during embryonic and fetal development, and control of gonadotropin secretion in the pituitary.
what hormone?
A
Testosterone
3
Q
What do you call the metabolite of testosterone that acts on many tissues such as the male accessory glands and hair follicles during puberty?
A
dihydrotestosterone
4
Q
Spermatozoa and the secretions of the accessory glands make up the ____, which is introduced into the female reproductive tract by the penis.
A
semen
5
Q
what do you call the dense CT capsule that surrounds the testes?
A
Tunica albuginea
6
Q
what do you call the thickening of the dense CT capsule of the testes on the posterior side which houses the rete testis?
A
Mediastinum testis
7
Q
what do you call the pyramidal compartments in the testis that contains testosterone-secreting cells and the tubules where spermatogenesis occurs?
A
testicular lobules
8
Q
the testes develop from from where?
A
retroperitoneally in the dorsal wall of the embryonic abdominal cavity
it moves from the abdominopelvic cavity to the place where it is located now and it is suspended in the scrotum at the ends of the spermatic cords
9
Q
what do you call the sacs that contain the testes?
A
scrotum
10
Q
During migration from the abdominal cavity, each testis carries with it a serous sac, the ____, derived from the peritoneum.
A
tunica vaginalis
11
Q
This tunic consists of an outer parietal layer lining the scrotum and an inner visceral layer, covering the tunica albuginea on the anterior and lateral sides of the testis
A
tunica vaginalis
outer = parietal = lining the scrotum
inner = visceral = covers tunica albuginea
12
Q
spermatogenesis can only occur if the core body temp is?
A
34oC
If body temp is 37oC, sperm formation won’t take place in d testes
13
Q
Each testitucal arteru is surrounded by what and this contains cooler blood by a countercurrent heat-exchange system?
A
pampiniform venous plexus
14
Q
____ and ____ muscles work together to maintain the temperature of the testicles which is responsible for spermatogenesis. At lower temperatures, they raise the testicals closer to the body to retain heat, while at higher temperatures they relax the scrotum to promote heat loss.
A
Cremaster and Dartos
Cremaster is located sa spermatic cords whereas the dartos muscle is found arnd d scrotum
15
Q
what do you call the condition wherein one or both testes failed to descend before birth?
A
cryptorchidism
16
Q
what do you call the cells that produce testosterone?
A
Interstitial cells or Leydig cells
17
Q
What do you call the hormone that promotes the development of the secondary male characteristics?
A
Testosterone
18
Q
Testosterone secretion is triggered by what hormone?
A
Luteinizing hormone (LH) or Interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH)
- GnRH hypothalamus then itll stimulate anterior pituitary to produce LH and FSH
- LH - targets interstitial cell; thus, it is also called interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH)
- FSH - targets sustentacular cells or sertoli cells to support sperm development
- FSH increases inhibin secretion too
- Remember that most hormones are facilitated by nega feedback. FSH to inhibin to stop FSH secretion then LH to testosterone then increased testosteone has a nega feedback on d secretion of GnRH
19
Q
what stimulates the interstitial cells to synthesize testosterone for the development of ducts and glands of d male repro system during the late embryonic phase of the testes?
A
gonadotropin from the placenta
20
Q
How many seminiferous tubules does a testis have?
A
250-1000 tubules
combined length of tubules is abt 250 meters :oooo
21
Q
sperm are produced in the seminiferous tubules at a rate of how much per day?
A
2 x 108
22
Q
where is the site of sperm cell development?
A
seminiferous tubules
23
Q
what do you call the tubule that links the seminiferous tubules to the tubules located in the mediastinum testis?
A
straight tubule
24
Q
what connects the seminiferous tubule to the efferent ductules?
these r the tubules located sa mediastinum testis
A
rete testis
Rete testis = a labyrinth of epithelium-lined channels embedded in the mediastinum testis
25
# determine the next structure s sperm travel
1. Seminiferous tubules
2. Straight tubule
3. Rete testis
4. ?
5. ?
Efferent ductules; Epididymis
26
Each seminiferous tubule is lined with a complex, specialized stratified epithelium called ____ or ____ epithelium
germinal or spermatogenic
27
What do you call the cells lining the basement membrane of the germinal or spermatogenic epithelium that allows for weak contractions of the tubule?
myoid cells
28
What are the two types of cells that can be found in the germinal epithelium of the seminiferous tubules?
1. Sertoli cells
2. Cells of the spermatogenic lineage
29
what do you call the cells which physically and metabolically support developing sperm cell precursors?
Sertoli cells
30
The cells of the spermatogenic lineage, comprising four or more concentric layers of cells in the germinal epithelium, develop from progenitor cells to fully formed sperm cells over a period of approximately ____?
10 weeks
31
what do you call the first part of sperm production that involves mainly mitosis and meiosis?
spermatogenesis
32
what do you call the final differentiation process occuring in the haploid male germ cells?
spermiogenesis
33
Spermatogenesis begins at puberty with proliferation of stem and progenitor cells called ____?
spermatogonia
| (*spermatogonium*, singular)
34
what cell is the product of the mitosis of spermatogonia?
primary spermatocytes
## Footnote
Spermatogonia divides infrequently to give rise to both new stem cells and to cells that divide more rapidly as progenitor cells. These type A (the latter earlier) spermatogonia undergo several clonal divisions that leave most of the cells interconnected as a syncytium which become type B spermatogonia then each type B spermatogonia then undergoes a final mitotic division to produce 2 cells that grow in size and become **primary spermatocytes**
35
primary spermatocytes have what type of nuclei?
| euchromatic or heterochromatic?
euchromatic
## Footnote
Remember that the main difference between euchromatin and heterochromatin is that euchromatin consists of transcriptionally active regions of DNA whereas heterochromatin consists of transcriptionally inactive DNA regions in the genome. Since we know n inde pa final stage primary spermatocytes, it'll need DNA pa.
36
Most spermatocytes seen in sections of testis are seen in what phase of meiosis?
prophase
## Footnote
Primary spermatocytes have 46 chromosomes and a DNA content of 4N (N=chromatid #); this lasts about 3 weeks
37
Homologous chromosomes separate in the first meiotic division, which produces smaller cells called ____?
secondary spermatocytes
## Footnote
they have 23 chromosomes but each still consists of two chromatids so DNA amt is 2N; rare in testis sections because they are very short-lived cells that remain in interphase only briefly
38
Division of each secondary spermatocyte separates the
chromatids of each chromosome and produces two haploid
cells called ____?
spermatids
## Footnote
they only have 23 chromosomes and bcoz no S phase (DNA repli) between 1st and 2nd meio, amt of DNA per cell is reduced by hald when chromatid separate and cells formed are haploid cells or 1N. ending nito 4 spermatids each w/ 23 chromosomes and 1N.
39
what type of spermatogonia act as stem cells to produce or replicate themselves? what about the type that undergoes mitosis that marks the start of spermatogenesis?
Type A spermatogonia, Type B
40
Spermiogenesis, the final phase of sperm production, is the
temperature-sensitive process by which spermatids differentiate into ____, which are highly specialized to deliver male DNA to the ovum.
spermatozoa
41
what are the 4 phases of spermiogenesis?
1. Golgi phase
2. Cap phase
3. Acrosome phase
4. Maturation phase
42
# Identify spermiogenesis phase
small proacrosomal vesiclees from the golgi apparatus of the cytoplasm coalesce (grow together) as a single membrane-limited acrosomal cap close to the one end of the nucleus.
golgi phase
## Footnote
The centrioles migrate to a position farthest from the acrosomal cap and one acts as a basal body, organizing the axoneme of the flagellum which is structurally and functionally similar to that of a cilium
43
# Identify spermiogenesis phase
the acrosomal cap spreads over about hald of the condensing nucleus
cap phase
44
what do you call the specialized type of lysosome containing hydrolytic enzymes and a trypsin-like protease called acrosin?
acrosome
45
what do you call the process wherein enzymes r released when spermatozoon encounters oocyte and acrosomal membrane fuses w/ sperm's plasma membrane to dissociate cells of the corona radiata and digests the zona pellucida (both structure surround the egg)?
acrosomal reaction
## Footnote
this is one of the first steps in fertilization
46
# Identify the spermiogenesis phase
the head of the developing sperm remains embedded in the Sertoli cell while the growing axoneme extends into the lumen of the tubule. Flagellum growth continues distally in the tail
acrosome phase
47
in what part of the sperm is ATP for flagellar movements generated?
in the middle piece
## Footnote
mitochondria aggregate around the midpiece to thicken it during the acrosome phase
48
# Identify spermiogenesis phase
unneeded cytoplasm is shed as a residual body from each spermatozoon and remaining intercellular bridges are lost.
maturation phase
## Footnote
Fully formed but not yet functional or mobile, sperm are released into the lumen of seminiferous tubule
49
Important in Sertoli cell function are elaborate tight occluding junctions between their basolateral membranes, which form a ____ within the seminiferous epithelium
blood-testis barrier
50
Production of nutrients and ____, which concentrates testosterone to a level required for spermiogenesis, is promoted by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).
Androgen-binding protein (ABP)
51
what do the sertoli cells secrete which feeds back on the anterior pituitary gland to suppress FSH synthesis and release?
inhibin
| this is a glycoprotein
52
what do the sertoli cells secrete in the fetus that causes regression of the embryonic müllerian (paramesonephric) ducts
müllerian-inhibiting substance (MIS)
## Footnote
in the absence of MIS, these ducts become parts of the female reproductive tract
53
the intratesticular ducts is composed of what ducts?
1. Straight tubules
2. Rete testis
3. Efferent ductules
54
# Identify the male genital duct
located in the testicular lobules that produce sperm
Seminiferous tubules
55
# Identify the male genital duct
located in the periphery of the mediastinum testis that convey sperm into the rete testis
Straight tubules
56
# Identify the male genital duct
located in the mediastinum testis that channels with sperm from all seminiferous tubules
Rete testis
57
# Identify the male genital duct
located from rete testis to the head of epididymis that absorbs most fluid from seminiferous tubules to convey sperm into the epididymis
Efferent ductules
58
# Identify the male genital duct
located in the head, body, and tail of the epididymis that is considered the site for sperm maturationa nd short-term storage; it also expels sperm at ejaculation
Epididymal duct
59
# Identify the male genital duct
Extends from epididymis to ejaculatory ducts in the prostate gland that carries sperm by rapid persitalsis from the epididymis to the ejaculatory ducts
Ductus (Vas) deferens
60
# Identify the male genital duct
located in prostate that is formed by the union of ductus deferens and ducts of the seminal vesicles; mix sperm and seminal fluid and it delivers semen to urethra where prostatic secretion is added
Ejaculatory ducts
61
the epididymis includes a ____ region where the efferent ductules enter, a ____ where sperm cells undergo further subtle modifications, and a ____ where sperm are stored until ejaculation
head; body; tail
62
what CT (and cellz) line the epididymal duct?
stereociliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium consisting of principal cells
63
what cells are in the lining of the epididymis that remove most of the water and residual bodies before entering the epididymis with the sperm and secrete various products?
principal cells
64
what do you call the long straight tube with a thick, muscular wall and a relatively small lumen, leaves the scrotum and continues toward the prostatic urethra where it empties?
ductus (vas) deferens
65
Following the general path along which the embryonic testes descend, each ductus deferens passes over the urinary bladder where it enlarges as an ____ where the epithelium is thicker and more extensively folded
ampulla
| wider area of the vas deferens
66
Within the prostate gland, the ends of the two ampullae merge with the ducts of the two seminal vesicles, joining these ducts to form the ____ which open into the ____.
ejaculatory ducts; prostatic urethra
67
what are the 3 accessory glands of the male repro system?
1. seminal vesicles
2. prostate gland
3. bulbourethral glands
68
The ____ are exocrine glands in which production of their viscid, yellowish secretion depends on testosterone; fluid from these typically makes up 70% of the ejaculate
seminal vesicles
69
seminal vesicle secretion component that functions as a major energy source for sperm
fructose
70
seminal vesicle secretion component that stimulates activity in the reproductive tract
prostaglandins
71
seminal vesicle secretion component which allows semen to coagulate after ejaculation
fibrinogen
72
corpora cavernosa
73
what are the 3 major zones of the prostate gland?
1. transition zone - mucosal glands
2. central zone - submucosal glands
3. peripheral zone - main glands
74
what do you call the secretion of the prostate gland that helps liquefy coagulated semen for the slow release of sperm after ejaculation?
prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
75
other name for the bulbourethral glands?
cowper glands
76
what do you call the glands located in the urogenital diaphragm and empty into the proximal part of the penile urethra?
bulbourethral glands
## Footnote
secretions from this gland:
1. lubricate the urethra for sperm mvmnt & lubrication during intercourse
2. neutralize acid in the urethra & vagiegie
77
penis erectile tissue masses
1. corpora cavernosa - dorsal
2. corpus spongiosum - ventral
78
what do you call the retractable fold of thin skin of the penis with sebaceous glands on the internal surface?
prepuce
79
what do you call the dense fibroelastic layer surrounding the corpora cavernosa
tunica albuginea
80
all three erectile tissues consist of ____ lined with endothelium and separated by trabeculae with smooth muscle and connective tissue continuous with the surrounding tunic
## Footnote
penile erection involves blood filling this structure in the 3 masses of erectile tissues
cavernous spaces
81
For erection, ____ stimulation relaxes muscle of the small helicine arteries and adjacent tissues, allowing vessels of the cavernous tissue to fill with blood; the enlarging corpora compress the venous drainage
| para or sympha
parasympathetic
82
The ____ stimulation at ejaculation constricts blood flow through the helicine arteries, allowing blood to empty from the cavernous tissues.
| para or sympa
sympathetic
83
Which of the following accurately describes spermiogenesis?
a. Occurs before puberty
b. Involves stem cells, meiosis, and spermatogenesis
c. Involves cytodifferentiation of early spermatids
d. Occurs in diploid cells
e. Results in the formation of primary spermatocytes
c. involves cytodifferentiation of early spermatids
84
A man with a pituitary gonadotrophic tumor causing hyposecretion of FSH is most likely to exhibit which condition?
a. No symptoms, since he has no ovarian follicles
b. Loss of libido (sex drive)
c. Low serum testosterone levels
d. Low sperm count
e. Prostatic hypertrophy
d. Low sperm count
85
Interstitial cells of Leydig have an important function in male gamete production. Because of this function, which of the following organelles is abundant within these cells?
a. Lysosomes
b. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
c. Peroxisomes
d. Polyribosomes
e. Golgi complexes
b. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
86
While studying a germ cell line developed from a patient’s testicular biopsy, the researcher notes that colchicine-treated cells blocked in metaphase have 46 chromosomes. From which of the following regions of the male genital tract would you expect these cells to have originated?
a. Within the rete testis
b. At the basal lamina of the seminiferous tubule
c. In the middle region of the germinal epithelium
d. Within the adluminal compartment of the seminiferous tubule
e. Within the straight tubules
b. At the basal lamina of the seminiferous tubule
## Footnote
basal lamina = spermatogonia
adluminal compartment = spermatocytes & spermatids
87
Which of the following organs is normally characterized by the
accumulation of corpora amylacea with increasing age?
a. Prostate
b. Seminal vesicles
c. Bulbourethral (Cowper) glands
d. Epididymis
e. Ductus (vas) deferens
a. Prostate
88
Within the male reproductive tract, stereocilia project from cells lining which of the following regions?
a. Rete testis
b. Seminiferous tubules
c. Ampulla of the ductus deferens
d. Epididymis
e. Penile urethra
d. Epididymis
89
As sperm pass through the male genital ducts, proteins and low molecular-weight products are added from several sources producing semen. Which of the following provides a nutritive, fructose-rich secretion?
a. Interstitial cells of Leydig
b. Bulbourethral (Cowper) glands
c. Prostate gland
d. Epididymis
e. Seminal vesicles
e. Seminal vescicles
90
A 20-year-old man contracts cholera during a long tour of military duty in a remote, completely undeveloped region. After a 5-day period of severe diarrhea and treatment, he gradually recovers and slowly returns to work. He is married 3 years later but after a few years of trying to conceive a child, semen analysis reveals that his sperm are few in number and malformed, and blood tests show a high titer of antibodies against sperm antigens. The causative agent of cholera, Vibrio cholera, secretes a toxin that **interferes with tight (occluding) junctions**. What cells in the gonad are the likely target of this toxin in the male reproductive system?
a. Spermatogonia
b. Sertoli cells
c. Myoid cells
d. Interstitial cells of Leydig
e. Differentiating spermatozoa
b. Sertoli cells
91
A 29-year-old man presents with testicular pain and a burning sensation during urination. Tests reveal the presence of Neisseria gonorrhea and penicillin is prescribed. Gonorrhea often produces acute or chronic inflammation of the testes and frequently involves the channels that connect the testis to the epididymis. What is the name of these channels?
a. The mediastinum testis
b. The rete testis
c. Efferent ductules
d. The straight tubules (tubuli recti)
e. The seminiferous tubules
c. Efferent ductules
92
A 39-year-old man undergoing an extensive series of tests for infertility is found to have a genetic mutation preventing formation of a functional synaptonemal complex during meiosis, causing almost complete failure of sperm formation. Which cells would be directly affected by this mutation?
a. Primary spermatocytes
b. Spermatogonia
c. Secondary spermatocytes
d. Spermatids
e. Cells undergoing spermiogenesis
a. Primary spermatocytes
