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2025 SEM 2 HUMAN HISTOLOGY (LAB) > male reproductive system > Flashcards

male reproductive system Flashcards

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1
Q

briefly explain the composition of the male reproductive system

A

External Genitalia:
○ Penis
○ Scrotum

Internal Structure:
○ Testes
○ Epididymis
○ Vas deferens
○ Ejaculatory ducts
○ Urethra

Accessory Glands:
○ Seminal vesicles
○ Prostate gland
○ Bulbourethral gland

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2
Q

Organ of copulation and urination.

A

penis
- transport semen and urine through the urethra

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3
Q

what does the penis contain

A

erectile tissue
(corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum).

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4
Q

Pouch of skin and muscle holding the testes.

A

Scrotum
- regulates the temp for optimal spermatogenesis (~2–3°C below body temp

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5
Q

what surrounds the
- Corpora cavernosa
- Corpus spongiosum

A

Corpora cavernosa:
- by a thick fibrous sheet of tunica albuginea
- inside they contain central cavernosal sinusoids, which are lined by endothelium and supported by trabeculae made up of smooth muscle and CT

Corpus spongiosum:
- by a spongy urethra, has a thinner albuginea to allow urethral expansion during erection
*distally expand to form the glans penis

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6
Q

lined
1. central cavernosal sinusoids in corpora cavernosa
2. testis
3. seminiferous tubules
4. tubuli recti
5. rete testis
6. ductuli efferentes
7. ductus epididymis
8. vas deferens
9. prostate gland
10. seminal vesicles
11. bulbourethral gland
12. corpus cavernosum

A
  1. endothelium and supported by trabeculae made up of smooth muscle and CT
  2. thick, dense CT capsule = tunica albuginea
  3. stratified ep known as the germinal ep or spermatogenic ep
    *those ep is supported by the fibrous CT containing various stages of spermatogenic cells
    • single layer of cuboidal ep cells
    • supported by a layer of dense CT
    • simple cuboidal epithelium.
    • sometimes columnar but mostly cuboidal epithelium which contains microvilli in a single cilium which aids in fluid absorption and limited movement
    • surrounded by a CT
  6. 2 types of epithelial cells
    - non-ciliated cuboidal cells with microvilli
    - ciliated columnar cells
  7. pseudostratified columnar epithelium that is composed of the
    - basal cell (short with round nuclei)
    - principal cells (columnar with elongated nuclei and apical stereocilia)
  8. pseudostratified columnar epithelium is covered and characterised by a finger-like mucosal extending to the lumen, stereocilia.
  9. pseudostratified columnar ep (which is surrounded by lamina propria
  10. on-ciliated pseudo columnar ep cells
  11. mucosa secreting simple columnar ep that is also testosterone dependent
  12. lining of blood sinuses is made of endothelial cells, which is a specific type of epithelium found in blood vessels
    - surrounded by dense irregular CT that surround the erectile body and has blood sinuses
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7
Q

what does the testes produces

A

major male sex hormones:
semen
testosterone

  • which is composed of many convoluted seminiferous tubules (main functional unit of testes)
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8
Q

main functional unit of testes

A

convoluted seminiferous tubules

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9
Q

Paired ovoid organs located in the scrotum

A

testes
- covered by a thick, dense CT capsule called the tunica albuginea

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10
Q

this secretes the hormone testosterone which is the major male sex hormone.

A

Interstitial Cells of Leydig
- located in the interstitial tissues near the blood capillaries and seminiferous tubules.

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11
Q

morphology of cells
1. Interstitial Cells of Leydig
2. Sertoli Cells
3. pseudostratified columnar ep in seminal vesicles

A
  1. R
    round nuclei, pale-staining cytoplasm and as lipid vacuoles
    * peripheral region of the cytoplasm gives the bubbly appearance like a steroid producing cell
  2. pale and irregularly shaped nuclei.
    nuclei are sometimes present.
    irregular columnar cells with many folded cytoplasmic processes forming the compartments for spermatogenic cells
  3. tall columnar secretory cells and contains lipofuscin pigment.
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12
Q

where is the interstitial cells of Leydig located

A

in the interstitial tissues near the blood capillaries and the seminiferous tubules.

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13
Q

functions of the testosterone

A

Promoting development of male sex organs in early fetal development.
Promoting male sexual characteristics, such as growth of beard and axillary hair, enlargement of the larynx, and deepening the voice.
Increasing muscle growth, thickness of the skin, and sebaceous gland secretion.
Promoting bone growth and increasing bone density.
Increasing basal metabolism and physical energy.
Promoting spermatogenesis

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14
Q

true or false:
Seminiferous Tubules is highly coiled

A

true

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15
Q

in the Seminiferous Tubules what supports its epithelium

A

supported by basement membrane covered by the fibrous connective tissues containing various stages of spermatogenic cells.

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16
Q

what does the innermost layer of seminiferous tubules contains

A

myoid cells
- have an appearance of smooth muscle cells with flat and elongated nuclei

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17
Q

function of Seminiferous Tubules

A

help propel testicular fluid, aiding the movement of spermatozoa through the tubules

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18
Q

briefly explain the cells in the Seminiferous Tubules

A

Sertoli cells:
- large nondividing cells
- physically and metabolically support developing sperm cell precursors

Spermatogenic (germ) cells:
- dividing cells which develop from progenitor cells to fully formed sperm cells
- over a period of approximately 10 weeks

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19
Q

The only somatic cells of the seminiferous epithelium.

A

sertoli cells
- also a dynamic cell with a long list of functions for spermatogenesis.

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20
Q

how does sertoli cells provide blood-testis barrier

A

through tight junctions
- which isolates developing sperm cells from the immune system
- protects them from autoimmune reactions.

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21
Q

Functions of the Sertoli cells

A
  1. Support
    physical support and nutrition
  2. Protection
    blood-testis barrier by tight junctions
  3. Phagocytosis
    Removal of residual bodies
  4. Secretion
    Testicular fluid (fructose-rich fluid)
    Anti-Mullerian hormone
    Androgen-binding protein
    Glial-derived neurotrophic factor Inhibin and activin hormone
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22
Q

what do sertoli cells secretes

A
  1. Testicular fluid (fructose-rich fluid)
    - help nourish and move the sperm to the epididymis.
  2. Anti-Mullerian hormone
    - secreted during early fetal development.
    - inhibits the development of Müllerian ducts, preventing the formation of female reproductive structures in the male embryo.
  3. Androgen-binding protein
    - help maintain the concentration of the testosterone which promotes spermatogenesis.
  4. Glial-derived neurotrophic factor - help promote survival and differentiations of spermatid.
  5. Inhibin and activin hormone - provide negative and positive feedback to the hypothalamus. thereby, regulating and stimulating regular hormones and secreted by the pituitary gland.
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23
Q

Series of ducts which transport spermatozoa from the seminiferous tubules to the outside of the male body

A

Genital Ducts

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24
Q

what ae the 2 types of genital ducts

A

Intratesticular Genital Ducts:
tubuli recti
rete testis
ductuli efferentes

Extratesticular Genital Ducts:
ductus epididymis
ductus deferens
ejaculatory ducts
Urethra

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25
straight tubules that carry the spermatozoa from the seminiferous tubules into the rete testis
tubuli recti - short abt 1mm - usually located at the end of the seminiferous tubules leading to the rete testis which is a network of interconnected tubules within the mediastinum testis. [short ducts that connect seminiferous tubules to the rete testis. from the rete testis, sperm moves into the efferent ductules → epididymis]
26
a network of channels that collect sperm and fluid, located in the mediastinum testis (central part of the testis).
rete testis
27
site of sperm production
Seminiferous tubules
28
Network of interconnecting tubules which is located in the mediastinum testis.
rete testis - has a central CT which is the core of the testis - serves as an essential link of a pathway connecting the tubuli recti to the efferent ductules (ultimately leading toward the epididymis)
29
core of the testis
central CT
30
functions of rete testis
Acts to collect sperm from the tubuli recti and directs them to the efferent ductules. Reabsorption of vesicular fluid to help concentrate sperm. Assists in moving non-motile sperm by the flow of testicular fluid.
31
ductuli efferentes is aka
Efferent Ducts
32
what are the functions of the 2 types of ep cells in ductuli efferentes
➡ Non-ciliated cuboidal cells with microvilli - aka absorptive cells - absorptive function to absorb excess vesicular fluid (from seminiferous tubules) - increase the conc. of spermatozoa in the lumen of ductuli efferentes ➡ Ciliated columnar cells - motile functions for sweeping the spermatozoa and vesicular fluid towards the epididymis. *alternatively distributed on the lumen surface of the ductuli efferentes, giving the lining a scalloped appearance.
33
what supports the epithelium of ductulis efferentes
supported by a thin layer of CT, which lies beneath a circular layer of smooth muscle - this smooth muscle assists in propelling spermatozoa and testicular/ vesicular fluid toward the epididymis
34
How does the structure of the ductuli efferentes change as they approach the epididymis?
interspersed with elastic fibers smooth muscle layer thicken = enhancing the movement of sperm and fluid
35
length of the ductus epididymis
4 to 5 m in length
36
this connects the ductus efferentes to the ductus deferens.
ductus epididymis
37
briefly explain the 3 regions of the ductus epididymis
➡ Head Initial region to receive spermatozoa from the ductuli efferentes. Spermatozoa in the ductus epididymis are weak and unable to function efficiently in fertilization. ➡ Body Pass through the body region with the help of the contractions of the smooth muscle in the walls of the ductus epididymis. ➡ Tail Stores the spermatozoa and will undergo maturation and it is influenced by the hormone, androgenic hormones.
38
Consists of bilateral tubes that contain the tail of the left and right ductus epididymis.
vas deferens - each tube is abt 30-40cm long - surrounded by smooth muscle: Inner longitudinal muscle layer Middle circular muscle layer Outer longitudinal muscle layer
39
what innervates the smooth muscle of the ductus deferens
richly innervated by postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers - responsible for triggering strong peristaltic contractions during ejaculation
40
how many ejaculatory ducts does a male have
2, one on each side *they are short, measuring abt 2cm
41
how are the ejaculatory ducts formed
by the union of the ductus (vas) deferens and the seminal duct (from the seminal vesicle) *they are passed through the prostate gland *ejaculatory ducts open into the prostatic urethra
42
functions of ejaculatory ducts
Conduct sperm and seminal fluids into the prostatic urethra. Do not receive secretions but are surrounded by prostatic tissues.
43
Produce secretions, which become mixed with sperm during ejaculation to produce semen and are essential for reproduction.
prostate gland - chestnut in shape and size
44
prostatic secretions responsible for
nourishing sperm enhancing motility contributing to the volume and alkalinity of semen
45
prostatic concretions aka
corpora amylacea - located inside the prostate gland, typically in the glandular lumens.
46
what surrounds the Prostate Gland
Surrounded by the initial portion of the urinary urethra or the prostatic urethra where the urethra exits the bladder and is penetrated by the ejaculatory ducts.
47
briefly explain the 3 zones of prostate gland
Peripheral zone - 70% of the organ tissues - contain prostate main glands - has longer ducts. Central zone - compromise 25% of the glands tissues - contain submucosal glands with longer ducts Transitional zone - usually occupies only 5% of the prostate volume - surrounded by the posterior portion of the urethra - contains the mucosal glands.
48
it contributes to the production of seminal fluids.
Tubuloalveolar exocrine gland - surrounded by prostatic urethra - consists of glandular tissues that are embedded in the fibromuscular stroma.
49
prostatic concentration aka
corpora amylacea - which is always present in the lumen of the prostate gland
50
what enzymes do prostate gland secretes
Proteolytic enzymes Acid phosphatase Citric acid and Fibromyolycin Lipids
51
type of tissue makes up the stroma of the prostate gland
dense fibromuscular stroma - composed of smooth muscle ad CT
52
type of glands are embedded in the prostate gland
numerous tubuloacinar glands (aka compound tubuloalveolar glands)
53
small, round prostatic concretions found in the lumen of prostate glands, often increasing with age
corpora amylacea (CA)
54
paired accessory gland
seminal vesicles - located at the posterior of the bladder bulbourethral glands (Cowper's glands) - located in urogenital diaphragm and empties into the proximal part of the penile urethra - has several tubules with secretory units surrounded by smooth muscle cells - secreting clear secretions with lubricants for the urethra and preparations of passage of sperm.
55
how much does the seminal vesicles contribute to the volume of the semen
60-70%
56
what does each seminal vesicles consists of
single highly convoluted tubes with a duct that connects the terminal portion to the ductus deferens.
57
what pigment is found in the pseudostratified columnar ep in seminal vesicles
tall columnar secretory cells and contains lipofuscin pigment
58
how are muscularis are arranged in the seminal vesicles
Inner circular layer Outer longitudinal layer
59
functions of Bulbourethral Gland
secreting clear secretions with lubricants for the urethra and preparations of passage of sperm
60
Vascular erectile organ
penis - composed of 3 cylindrical tissues which is surrounded by the skin and connective tissues
61
true or false: penis serves as reproductive function only
false - it serve both urinary and reproductive function
62
what are the 2 erectile tissues of the penis
1. Corpus cavernosum: - surrounded by dense irregular CT that surround the erectile body and has blood sinuses - lining of blood sinuses is made of endothelial cells, which is a specific type of epithelium found in blood vessels. 2. Corpus spongiosum
63
these are vascular spaces within the erectile tissue that engorge with blood during erection.
sinuses

2025 SEM 2 HUMAN HISTOLOGY (LAB) (20 decks)

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