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2025 SEM 2 HUMAN HISTOLOGY (LAB) > nervous tissue > Flashcards

nervous tissue Flashcards

(43 cards)

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1
Q

The most complex system in the body,‬ that is formed by a network of many-‭billion‬‭ nerve cells‬‭ (aka neurons) assisted‬
‭by many more‬‭ supporting cells‬‭ (aka glial‬‭ cells/ neuroglial cells) forming a very‬ complex system for‬‭ processing‭ information and generating responses‬‭ .‬

A

Nervous tissue

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2
Q

CNS vs PNS

A

CNS
- brain and spinal cord
- receive and respond to sensory information

PNS
- all nervous tissue, nerve endings and ganglia
- carries sensory information from receptors located in different organs
- transmit motor commands from spins to muscles and glands

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3
Q

Processing center of the body

A

Central nervous system

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4
Q

Purpose of Nervous Tissue

A
  1. Carry sensory information from sensory organs to brain
  2. Process sensory information in the brain
    - to produce perceptions, memories, decisions and plans
  3. Carry motor information from brain to skeletal muscles
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5
Q

It is the functional units of nervous tissue

A

Neurons (nerve cell)
- exhibit
irritability (able to react to stimulus)
conductivity (transmit stimulus)
limited cell division - irreplaceable when it dies

  • building blocks of nervous system
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6
Q

How many does neurons are our body composed of

A

Around 100 billion

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7
Q

Briefly explain the main parts of Neuron

A
  1. Cell body (perikaryon/ soma)
  2. Axon

E. Dendrites

*has 1 axon and multiple dendrites

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8
Q

contains the nucleus and‬ most of the cell’s organelles and serves‬ as the synthetic or trophic center for the‬ entire neuron

A

Cell body
(Perikaryon/ soma)
Nucleus is surrounded by neuroplasm (neuron’s cytoplasm)

  • the neuroplasm is basophilic = stain well with basic dye
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9
Q

which is a single long process‬ ending at synapses (gaps) specialized to‬ generate and conduct nerve impulses to‬ other cell

A

Axon

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10
Q

numerous elongated‬ processes extending from the perikaryon‬ and specialized to receive stimuli from‭ unique sites called synapses

A

Dendrites
[Many short, branch-like processes that extend from the cell body.]

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11
Q

Granular sturucture made of RER and ribosomes and they help with protein synthesis in neurons

A

Nissl bodies
*golgi apparatus works with rough ER to synthesize and ship proteins

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12
Q

They are structures that include pigments

A

Neuronal inclusions
- melanin and iron
- also lipofuscin (aging)

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13
Q

It provides structural support and helps transport substance within the neuron

A

Cytoskeleton

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14
Q

How does the axon conducts impulses

A

Away from the cell body and transmit them to the next neurons cell body or dendrites through synapses

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15
Q

Plasma membrane of the axon

A

Axolemma

  • internal contents is axoplasm
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16
Q

Longest axon in the human body

A

Sciatic nerve
- can exceed 1 meter in length

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17
Q

Classification of neurons according to the structure

A
  1. Multipolar neuron
    - most common neuron
    - 1axon and 2 or more
    dendrites
  2. Bipolar neuron
    - 1 axon and 1 dendrite
  3. Unipolar neuron
    - includes all other sensory neuron
  4. Anaxonic neuron
    - no axon, many dendrites
    - regulates electrical changes of CNS neurons
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18
Q

Most common neurons in the CNS interverbrates

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A

Unipolar neurons

19
Q

Are unipolar neurons but appears like bipolar neuron

20
Q

Functional classifications of neurons

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A
  1. Sensory neurons
    - afferent neurons (carry signals to the brain and spinal cord)
    - receive stimuli and transmit it to CNS
  2. Motor neurons
    - efferent neurons
    - transmit impulses form the CNS to effector cells
  3. Interneurons
    - association neurons
    - convey impulses form from one neuron to another
    - found in brain and spinal cord
21
Q

What are the representative neurons

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A

Purkinje cell
- found in cerebellar cortex

Pyramid cell
-cerebral cortex (part of the cerebrum)

22
Q

Point of contact and site of transmission of nerve impulse and another cell

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A

Synapse

  1. Action potential is an electrical signal that travels along axon
  2. At end of axons (axon terminal),triggers the release of neurotransmitters
    3.it crosses the synapse to reach the next neuron
23
Q

Excitatory synapse vs inhibitory synapse

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A

Excitatory synapse:
- Neurotransmitters opens tiny gates (sodium channels) on the next neurons cell body to let +ve Na ions flow = making it less negative (DEPOLARIZATION)
- if enough +ve charge builds up/ exceeds a certain threshold, the neurons fires its own electrical signal

inhibitory synapse:
- opposite, making the neuron more negative (HYPERPOLARIZATION)
- hard for neuron to reach the threshold needed
* common inhibitory neurotransmitters: GABA, gamma-aminobutyric-acid and glycine

24
Q

Major components of synapse

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A

Axon terminal
- end of axons
- neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles (contains mitochondria to release it)
Presynaptic membrane
Synaptic cleft
Postsynaptic membrane

25
Glial cells of the CNS
Also known as Synaptic cells - glial cells/ neuroglial: provide a variety of support and functions for the neurons [support crew for the brain and spinal cord] Glial cells composed of: Astrocytes Ependymal cells Microglial cells Oligodendrocytes
26
Glial cells of the PNS
Composed of: Satellite cell Neurolemmocyte (aka Schwann cells)
27
Divisions of the Nervous system
Anatomic division: CNS (brain, spinal cord) PNS ( nervous tissue in the body) Functional division: Somatic nervous system (muscle, skin sense organs) Autonomic nervous system (regulation of visceral organs)
28
layer of densely packed neurons‬ about 2 mm thick that forms the‬‭ surface of the hemispheres of‬‭ the brain.‬
Cerebral cortex it’s 3 layers I - dendrites and axon of neurons running horizontally II, IV & VI - tiny granules cells II & II & V - large pyramidal cells that are key for sending messages
29
Cerebral cortex is protected by what
By lining called meninges and bones (skull and brain)
30
layer of densely packed neurons‬ about 2 mm thick that forms the‬ surface of the hemispheres of‭ the brain.‬
Cerebellum (little brain) its layers: Granule cell layer Purkinje cell layer Molecular layer
31
It consists of large bundles of myelinated and unmyelinated axons arranged into ascending and descending tracts
Spinal cord
32
Gray matter - Anterior horn - Posterior horn - White matter -
Gray matter - neuron cell bodies Anterior horn - motor neurons that innervate muscle fibers Posterior horn - interneurons in both sensory and motor pathways White matter - nerve fibers
33
Brain hemispheres and spinal cord covering with three layers of connective tissue membrane that
Meninges - protect nervous system - provide mechanical stability - provide a support framework for arteries and veins - enclosed a space that is filled with CSF
34
Meninges is composed of
Dura mater Arachnoid Lia mater
35
Collection of axons that carry action potentials from one place to another called nerves in the PNS and tracts within the cells
Peripheral nervous system Posterior root ganglia - carry sensory info - body to CNS Anterior root ganglion - carry motor signals - CNS to muscle internal organs
36
Clusters of neuron cell bodies called - in PNS - in CNS
- ganglia - nuclei
37
Clusters of axons that are bundled together with a nerve
Fascicles
38
Small glial cells, surround the neuronal bodies and regulate the extracellular ionic environment
Satellite cells
39
Consists of a tight spiral wrapping of the lipid-rich cell membrane of ___ in PNS or ___ in CNS
Myelin sheath - Schwann cell - oligodendrocyte * for insulin and faster nerve conduction
40
A gap between each pair of Schwannce,Les where the bare axon membrane is exposed to extracellular environment
Node of Ranvier
41
What are the 2 neurons that ANS goes through
Preganglionic neuron - with the cell body in the CNS postganglionic neuron - with the cell body in a ganglion
42
2 divisions of the ANS
Parasympathetic division - ganglia within or near the effector organs maintains normal body homeostasis - resting and relaxing situations Sympathetic division - ganglia close to the CNS - controlled the bid’s response during emergencies and excitement (fight or flight)
43
ANS components located in the‬ wall of the digestive tract are‬‭ sometimes referred to as the‬ enteric nervous syste
Enteric autonomic

2025 SEM 2 HUMAN HISTOLOGY (LAB) (20 decks)

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