the cell

Question 1

The study of cellular structures of the body

Answer 1

histology
observation: the key to identifying cell types

Question 2

how many cells do we have in our body

Answer 2

10^14 or 100trillion cells

200+ cell types

Question 3

who discovered cell

Answer 3

Robert Hooke
- coined the term cell
-cork under microscope

Question 4

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

Answer 4

Observed living cell (microorganism and protozoa)
● Published the book micrographia

Question 5

unicellular vs multicellular organism

Answer 5

uni
- organism made up of only one cell
○ Euglena
○ Paramecium
○ Yeast

multi
- made up of many cell
○ Plants
○ Animal
○ Fungi

Question 6

the unit measurement to measure the size of cell

Answer 6

micrometer
the unit used is 1um = 1/1000

• cell vary in size
• most r v small, some may be v large

Question 7

size of cell

Answer 7

index card

Question 8

shape of cell

Answer 8

index card

Question 9

Which microscopes have been used to study the detailed structure of a cell?

Answer 9

compound microscope and the electron microscope.

*certain structures can be seen only under an electron microscope

Question 10

structures of cell that can be only observed through electron microscope

Answer 10

ultrastructure
(the tiny parts inside a cell that are so small they can only be seen with a powerful electron microscope)

Question 11

animal cell vs plant cell

Answer 11

index card

Question 12

prokaryotic vs eukaryotic

Answer 12

index card

Question 13

Union of sperm cell (male gamete; spermatozoon) and the ovum (female gamete)

Answer 13

fertilization

Question 14

Multiplication of fertilized ovum and differentiation of its prognosis eventually gives rise to an extremely complex organism that consist of staggering number of cells

Answer 14

mitosis

[ a single cell divides to create two identical cells. Over time, these cells change into different types (differentiation) to form the many parts of a complex organism, like the brain, heart, and muscles.]

Question 15

Clumps of cells that perform the same general functions are linked together by some amount of intercellular material and/or cell-to-cell junctions.

Answer 15

tissue

Question 16

Bond of tissued in varying proportion to form more complex function

Answer 16

organ

Question 17

Organs that have interrelated functions

Answer 17

organ system

Question 18

cell wall

Answer 18

• tough, rigid and sometimes flexible
• made up of cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin
• may be thick, thin or multilayered structure
• function: protection, structure, regulation, filtering

Question 19

3 main parts of cell membrane/ plasma membrane

Answer 19

1. head
   - made of glycerol
2. 2 tail (hydrophobic an non-polar)
   - one is straight (saturated fatty acids)
   - other bent (unsaturated fatty acid - due to the type of bonds in the fatty acids)
3. strong bond
   - held tgt by covalent bond

AKA AS plasmalemma
- semipermeable
- tiny molecules like O2 and CO2 can pass through
- seen under electron microscope as it is v thin: 8-10 nm
- separate cell from its surrounding and forms special connections w other cells

Question 20

function of plasmalemma

Answer 20

maintain
- shapes and size
- homeostasis
protect internal contents of cell
provide binding site and receptors for enzymes and other substances
regulates entry and exit out of substances in and out of the cell
responsible for cell to cell recognition

Question 21

Involved in cell-to-cell recognition, cell-to-cell adhesion and immunological response

Answer 21

cell protein
[allowing cells to identify each other, stick together, and defend against harmful invaders.]

Question 22

Serve to stiffen and strengthen the cell membrane

Answer 22

cholesterol

Question 23

what are polysaccharides made up of

Answer 23

glycoprotein + glycolipid = glycocalyx, cell coat

• Responsible for cell-to-cell recognition, cell-to-cell adhesion, and immunological response

Question 24

control center of the cell

Answer 24

nucleus, aka data bank
- contains chromosomes and genes
- removal of it means cell death
- stains well w hematoxylin
- site of rRNA synthesis

Question 25

nucleus is not present in

Answer 25

rbc and sieve tube cell

Question 26

contains 1 nucleus: contains many nucleus:

Answer 26

contains 1 nucleus: uninucleate contains many nucleus: multinucleate (eg, skeletal muscle)

Question 27

euchromatic vs heterochromatic

Answer 27

index card

Question 28

Fluid content inside the nucleus

Answer 28

nucleoplasm - viscous homogenous material - network of chromatin fibers are connected

Question 29

Contains stretches of nucleic acid called DNA

Answer 29

chromosomes - made up of dna + nucleoproteins - 46 chromosomes = 22 pairs f somatic and 1 pair of sex chromosomes

Question 30

is the term used to refer to the chromosomes at interphase

Answer 30

chromatin

Question 31

also known as the nuclear envelope

Answer 31

nuclear membrane - surrounds the nucleus - made up of 2 layers: perinuclear space and cisternae

Question 32

this is only present during late interphase. It disappears during prophase and reappears only during late telophase

Answer 32

nucleolus - inside the cell - contains RNA to build proteins - synthesize ribosomal subunits

Question 33

3 region of nucleolus

Answer 33

nucleolar organizing region pars fibrosa pars granulosa

Question 34

Jelly-like materials formed by 80% of water

Answer 34

cytoplasm - present between the plasma membrane and the nucleus - CONTAINS cytosol: a clear liquid portion various particles formed elements > organelles > inclusions > fibrillar elements

Question 35

what does cytoplasm do

Answer 35

Hosts important substances like ions (minerals), proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. It is where many vital chemical processes happen, helping the cell stay alive and function properly.

Question 36

Produces energy through chemical directions - breaking down fats & carbohydrates

Answer 36

mitochondria - where krebs triacarboxylic acid cycle takes place = ATP produced - recycles and decomposes proteins, fats and carbs - 0.5 to 1.0 in diameter and up to 10 micrometer long - 2 membrane: outer and inner - inside has matrix, contains enzyme

Question 37

types of endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 37

index card

Question 38

how can ribosomes be extinguished

Answer 38

high-magnification electron microscopy

Question 39

cluster of ribosomes, link by mRNA

Answer 39

polyribosomes

Question 40

how does ribosomes work

Answer 40

1. Cell nucleus transcribes DNA into RNA 2. The mRNA is transported to the cytoplasm 3. Ribosomes bind to the mRNA and read the genetic code 4. Ribosome link amino acids together in the order specified by the mRNA 5. The amino acids grow into long chains called polypeptides 6. The polypeptide fold into proteins

Question 41

golgi apparatus

Answer 41

- made up of 5-8 stacjs of membrane sacs - has 2 faces cis: close to ER whr materials enter trans: other end whr it ships out - produces secretory vesicles to transport materials - make s the plasma membrane and lysosomes how it works: The Rough ER (RER) and Smooth ER (SER) make proteins. These proteins are sent to the cis face of the Golgi. Inside the Golgi, proteins travel through the stacks, where modifications (like adding sugars) occur to mature the proteins. Finally, the trans face ships out the mature proteins to their proper places.

Question 42

what happens if lysosomes explode

Answer 42

cell breaks down hence it is also called suicide sac

Question 43

lysosomes

Answer 43

- involved in heterophagy: eat foreign material like bacteria autophagy: self eating - found throughtout the cell n work best in acidic enviro (pH of 5) - function: digestion, protection, recycling, cell death

Question 44

what does vacuoles contain

Answer 44

- water solution and help plants keep their shape - function: storage transport waste management cell shape protection

Question 45

it is the membrane bound organelles present near the nucleus

Answer 45

centrosome - aka microtubule organizing center - consists of 2 structure called centrioles - they help form spindle fibers (which are like tiny ropes) that pull the chromosomes apart during cell division.

Question 46

they are small cylindrical structures inside the centrosome

Answer 46

centrioles - made of microtubules arranged in a special way - help make cilia and flagella

Question 47

what does cytoskeleton made up of

Answer 47

- microtubules and microfilaments that give shape and support - functions: shape strength hep cell move, include chromosomes during division help cells perform impt task like division

Question 48

difference btwn cytoskeleton, centrosome, and centriole

Answer 48

Cytoskeleton is the entire network that provides structure and movement. Centrosome organizes the microtubules and controls where they go during division. Centrioles are tiny parts inside the centrosome that help in division and cell movement.