Management Process: Planning

Question 1

4 Planning Modes

Answer 1

1) Reactive
2) Intactivism
3) Preactivism
4) Interactive or Proactive

Question 2

_____ occurs after a problem exists.

Answer 2

Reactive

Question 3

_____ seeks the status quo.

Answer 3

Inactivism

Question 4

_____ utilize technology to accelerate change and are future-oriented.

Answer 4

Preactivism

Question 5

_____ attempt to plan the future of their organization rather than react to it

Answer 5

Interactive or Proactive

Question 6

_____ involves trying to estimate how a condition will be in the future.

Answer 6

Forecasting

Question 7

_____ examines an organization’s purpose, mission, philosophy, and goals in the context of its external environment.

Answer 7

Strategic Planning

Question 8

Complex organizational plans that involve a long period (usually 3 to 10 years) are referred to as _____.

Answer 8

Long-range or strategic plans

Question 9

_____, also known as _____, was developed by Albert Humphrey at Stanford University
in the 1960s and 1970s.

Answer 9

SWOT Analysis, TOWS Analysis

Question 10

SWOT Analysis, also known as TOWS Analysis, was developed by _____.

Answer 10

Albert Humphrey

Question 11

SWOT stands for?

Answer 11

Strengths
Weaknesses
Opportunities
Threats

Question 12

_____ are those internal attributes that help an organization to achieve its objectives.

Answer 12

Strengths

Question 13

_____ are those internal attributes that challenge an organization in achieving its objectives.

Answer 13

Weaknesses

Question 14

_____ are external conditions that promote the achievement of organizational objectives.

Answer 14

Opportunities

Question 15

______ are external conditions that challenge or threaten the achievement of organizational objectives.

Answer 15

Threats

Question 16

The Planning Hierarchy

Answer 16

1) Vision
2) Mission

Question 17

The _____ statement is a brief statement identifying the reason that an organization exists.

Answer 17

Mission

Question 18

_____ statements are used to describe future goals or aims of an organization.

Answer 18

Vision

Question 19

_____ and _____ are the ends toward which the organization is working.

Answer 19

Goals and Objectives

Question 20

_____ are similar to goals in that they motivate people to a specific end and are explicit, measurable, observable or retrievable, and obtainable.

Answer 20

Objectives

Question 21

_____ are plans reduced to statements or instructions that direct organizations in their decision-making.

Answer 21

Policies

Question 22

_____ policies, neither written nor expressed verbally, have usually developed over time and follow a precedent.

Answer 22

Implied

Question 23

_____ policies are delineated verbally or in writing. May include a formal dress code, policy for sick leave or vacation time, and disciplinary procedures.

Answer 23

Expressed

Question 24

_____ are plans that establish customary or acceptable ways of accomplishing a specific task and delineate a sequence of steps of required action.

Answer 24

Procedures

Question 25

_____ identify the process or steps needed to implement a policy and are generally found in manuals at the unit level of the organization.

Answer 25

Procedures

Question 26

_____ and _____ are plans that define specific action or non-action.

Answer 26

Rules and Regulations

Question 27

_____ should be enforced to keep morale from breaking down and to allow organizational structure

Answer 27

Rules

Question 28

_____ identified three phases through which the change agent must proceed before a planned change becomes part of the system

Answer 28

Kurt Lewin (1951), Change Theory

Question 29

_____ occurs when the change agent convinces members of the group to change or when guilt, anxiety, or concern can be elicited.

Answer 29

Unfreezing

Question 30

_____ the change agent identifies, plans, and implements appropriate strategies, ensuring that driving forces exceed restraining forces.

Answer 30

Movement

Question 31

_____ phase, the change agent assists in stabilizing the system change so that it becomes integrated into the status quo.

Answer 31

Refreezing

Question 32

Unfreezing

Answer 32

Gather data. Accurately diagnose the problem. Decide if change is needed. Make others aware of the need for change; do not proceed until the status quo has been disrupted and the need for change is perceived by the others.

Question 33

Movement

Answer 33

1. Develop a plan. 2. Set goals and objectives. 3. Identify areas of support and resistance. 4. Include everyone who will be affected by the change in its planning. 5. Set target dates. 6. Develop appropriate strategies. 7. Implement the change. 8. Be available to support others and offer encouragement through the change. 9. Use strategies for overcoming resistance to change. 10. Evaluate the change. 11. Modify the change, if necessary.

Question 34

Refreezing

Answer 34

Support others so that the change continues.

Question 35

_____ discovered that even tiny changes in variables often dramatically affected outcomes.

Answer 35

Edward Lorenz (1960s), Chaos Theory

Question 36

Even small changes in conditions can drastically alter a system’s long-term behavior (butterfly effect).

Answer 36

Chaos Theory

Question 37

_____ is a financial plan that includes estimated expenses as well as income for a period of time.

Answer 37

Budget

Question 38

Types of budget

Answer 38

1) Workforce or personnel budget 2) Operating budget 3) Capital budget