Mar 10 Cancer 2 Flashcards
(19 cards)
Process to Cancer (5 steps)
Process to Cancer
Genetically altered cell
1)cell gets a genetic mutation and tumor develops.
Hyperplasia
2) Hyperplasia occurs but cells look normal and cells mutate further
Dysplasia
3) Cells continue to reproduce, and descendants appear abnormal in shape (dysplasia). Rare mutation that alters cell’s behavior occurs.
In Situ cancer
4) Affected cells are abnormal in growth and appearance but the tumor is still contained (in situ cancer).
Invasive Cancer
5) Tumor invades tissues, lymph nodes and blood. The escaped cells establish new tumors (metastases) which may be lethal.
METASTASIS:
METASTASIS
the spread of cancer from its original site to other parts of the body.
The prostate is?
Located?
Size?
Produces?
This process of noncancerous growth is called?
The prostate is a gland and part of the male reproductive system
Located underneath the bladder, covers the urethra and grows in size as a man ages; it can eventually cause problems with urination.
Size of a chestnut
Produces the fluid that carries sperm during ejaculation.
This process of noncancerous growth is called Benign Prostate Hyperplasia and is more commonly known as Prostate Enlargement.
Prostate cancer (2 things)
- Most common cancer in men and the second leading cause of cancer death for men in Canada (lung cancer deaths are a little higher).
- Grows slowly so finding and treating it before symptoms occur may or may not always improve men’s health or help them live longer
Prostate Cance
Some of the risk factors for this cancer include: (Name 3)
Older age and family history
African-American race
tobacco use
4 types of screening for prostate cancer.
4 types of screening
PSA (Prostate specific antigen test)
Digital rectal examination
Prostate biopsy
Prostate MRI
Symptoms of Prostate cancer
(Name 3)
Symptoms of Prostate cancer
- Blockage in flow of urine
- Blood in the urine or sperm
- Sore bones
Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) Blood Test:
Can be raised by: (2 things)
Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) Blood Test:
* It’s normal to have some in your body
Can be raised by:
* A high level of PSA can also be raised by UTI, Prostate stimulation, anal sex, recent ejaculation
* Vigours exercise and certain meds.
Suspecting and Confirming Prostate Cancer: (2 things)
If cancer is found:
- Prostate cancer is first checked with a prostate exam and a blood test, but these don’t confirm cancer.
- To know for sure, doctors take a tissue sample (biopsy).
If cancer is found:
* it gets a Gleason score (2–10), where higher scores mean more serious cancer. Scans are also done to see if it has spread. Then, based on all results, the cancer is staged from 1 to 4 — with stage 4 being the most advanced.
Lymphatic channels:
Lymphatic channels
Removes excess fluid from the body’s tissues through the lymph nodes.
Although prostate cancer typically:
Although prostate cancer grows slowly, it can invade the nearby organs or metastasize distantly, most commonly to the axial skeleton (bones in spine and ribs)
How is prostate cancer treated?
(Name 2)
How is prostate cancer treated?
- Chemo, Radiation, Hormone, and Immuno Therapy
- Surgery
3 Parts of the breast
Parts of the breast
- Terminal Duct
- Lobule
- Duct (Leading to the nipple)
3 Types of Breast cancers and the rarity
Types of Breast cancers
Invasive Lobular Carcinoma (15% agressive)
Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (80% non-aggressive)
Ductal Carcinoma In situ (very treatable)
Angelina Jolie: (3 things)
Angelina Jolie had a preventive double mastectomy because she had an 87% risk of breast cancer from a BRCA1 gene mutation.
Her family history of cancer led her to get tested. After surgery, her risk dropped to under 5%, and she had reconstructive surgery.
In 2015, she also removed her ovaries and fallopian tubes due to a 50% risk of ovarian cancer.
The term ‘stage of cancer’ means:
Cancer stage is based on? (4 things)
The term ‘stage of cancer’ means the stage the cancer was at when it was first diagnosed.
Cancer stage is based on:
* Tumor size,
* Invasive or non-invasive
* Lymph nodes are involved
* Whether the cancer has spread…
SKIN CANCER (Melanoma)
Risk Factors
(5 things)
SKIN CANCER (Melanoma)
Risk Factors
* Fair hair, skin, and light eyes
* A tendency to develop freckles and to burn instead of tan
* A history of childhood sunburn or intense sun exposure
* Family history of melanoma
* A large number of nevi, or moles (200 or more, or 50 or more if under age 20) or dysplastic (atypical) moles
Preventable cancers
___% of cancer cases can be prevented
Causes (name 3)
Preventable cancers
40% of cancer cases can be prevented
Causes:
* Smoking and Alcohol
* Obesity, Physical inactivity and Poor diet
* UV radiation
5-year survival rate of local prostate cancer vs prostate cancer that has spread.
100% 5-year survival rate for localized prostate cancer
30% for prostate cancer that has spread
