Match 3 Infectious Disease Flashcards
(21 cards)
Disorders of the Immune System
(Name 3)
Disorders of the Immune System
*Deficiency
*Overactive
*Attacks yourself
Deficiency in the Immune System:
- Example:
- Immune system can also be suppressed by? (2 things)
Deficiency in the Immune System
- Can be born with it, or acquired (side effect of medication or disease)
Example: Chemo and other cancer drugs, HIV
Immune system can also be suppressed by
* smoking, alcohol and stress
* poor nutrition
Overactive Immune System:
Common allergens? (Name 2)
Examples: (Name 2)
Overactive Immune System
- Innate immune system response
to things that are not harmful (i.e. allergies)
common allergens
* Dust and mold
* pollen and food
Examples:
* Asthma and Eczema – itchy rash
* Allergic rhinitis (i.e. hay fever)
The Immune System attacks itself
Autoimmune disease:
- Cause:
Examples: (Name 3)
The Immune System attacks itself
Autoimmune disease
* Mix of innate and adaptive immune system attacking normal, healthy tissue
Cause
* unknown, thought to be a combination of genes and environmental triggers
Examples:
* Type 1 diabetes – destruction of pancreas that makes insulin
* Rheumatoid arthritis – swelling and deformities of joints
* Lupus – attacks many tissues such as lungs, kidneys and skin
Stages of Disease
Stage 1:
Stages of Disease
- Incubation
* Viruses or bacteria are multiplying, no symptoms but may be contagious
Stages of Disease
Stage 2:
Stages of Disease
- Prodromal period
- Some vague, mild symptoms (e.g.
fever. headache, malaise) that are related to the immune response
Stages of Disease
Stage 3 ( 2 things)
Stages of Disease
- Invasive Phase
- Symptoms related to the disease
- Acme – peak where disease are most
severe
Stages of Disease
Stage 4:
Stages of Disease
- Decline Phase
- Host immune defense and treatment
overcome the pathogen
Stages of Disease
Stage 5:
Stages of Disease
- Convalescence
- Healing and tissues repaired, body
recovers
R0 or Rnaught:
Measles ___-___
Covid ___-___
HIV ___-___
R0 or Rnaught – Index of Contagiousness
Measles 11-18
Covid 2 - 2.5
HIV 3.6 -3.7
How do vaccines work?
(2 things)
How do vaccines work?
- Introduce the antigen (virus parts or whole) to the body so that antibodies are created that recognize the unique antigen characteristics for that virus.
- Vaccines also contain adjuvants that increase the immune response
Measles… down but not out in Canada
(2 things)
Measles… down but not out in Canada
- Eliminated in Canada in 1998, but it imported every year and is still present around the world
- Outbreak at Disneyland in 2015 linked with 147 cases…at least 10 in Canada
Measles:
Symptoms: (2 things)
Treatment:
Measles
- Highly contagious and can be spread through the air, infecting up to 90% of close contacts
Symptoms:
* Cough, pink eye, runny nose and fever followed by a rash
* Can result in encephalitis (brain inflammation), causing brain damage and death
Treatment:
* Needs at least 95% vaccination rates, No cure
Smallpox: (2 things)
Treatment:
History:
Smallpox:
- It was one of the deadliest and most contagious diseases known to humankind (mortality rate of 33%).
- Smallpox killed over half a billion people in the 20th century alone — 3x the number of deaths from all of the century’s wars combined.
Treatment
* No cure, survivors often had blindness and disfigurement
History:
* Vaccine developed in 1798 and eradicated in Canada by 1946
Diphtheria:
Symptoms: (2 things)
Complications: (2 things)
Mortality rate:
Treatment:
Diphtheria
- Spores from soil, dust or manure enter the body through cuts or animal bites and spreads through respiratory droplets
Symptoms:
* Breathing problems and mild fever
* Sore throat,and swollen glands in the neck
Complications:
* airway blockage and myocarditis
* Nerve damage and kidney failure
Mortality rate:
* 10% mortality rate, was the leading cause of childhood death before vaccination
Treatment:
* antitoxin and antibiotics
Rubella:
Symptoms:
Treatment:
Rubella:
* Can cause miscarriages or serious birth defects, including deafness, cataracts, heart disease, and intellectual disability.
Symptoms:
* Low fever, respiratory problems
* Most notably, a rash of pink or light red spots that typically begins on the face and spreads downward
Treatment:
* No Cure
Polio:
(2 things)
Treatment:
Polio
* Affects the body’s nervous system and can cause a gradual weakening of the leg muscles and loss of movement.
* 1-2% of those who contract the virus become paralyzed.
* There is no cure
Tetanus (Lockjaw):
Symptoms: (Name 3)
Mortaility:
Treatment:
Tetanus (Lockjaw)
- Spores from soil, dust or manure enter the body through cuts or animal bites
Symptoms:
* Jaw cramping, muscle spasms, and trouble swallowing
* painful muscle stiffness all over the body
* seizures, headache, fever and sweating
Mortaility:
* Unvaccinated individuals varies from 10% to over 80%, depending primarily on age (highest in infants and the elderly) and on quality of care.
Treatment:
* No cure
How did we get the COVID-19 vaccine so fast?
(5 things)
How did we get the COVID-19 vaccine so fast?
- Scientists already had research on similar viruses.
- The virus’s genetic code was shared quickly.
- They knew the spike protein was a good target for vaccines
- Work on past vaccines (SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) & MERS(Middle East respiratory syndrome)) helped speed things up.
- mRNA vaccine technology had been in development for years.
How did we get the COVID vaccine so fast? Part 2? (3 things)
- Normally, testing vaccines takes years, but this was fast-tracked and lots of people volunteered quickly for trials.
- Huge funding and public interest sped things up. The U.S. invested $10 billion through Operation Warp Speed.
- Funding let companies test and make the vaccine at the same time leading to vaccines were made and stored even before knowing if they worked.
How did we get the COVID vaccine so fast? Part 3.
(Name 4)
- Regulators approved steps more quickly than usual.
- COVID-19 mutates slower than the flu.
- The virus isn’t great at hiding from the immune system like HIV or herpes.
- Scientists had over 250,000 virus samples to study early on.
