Martin Luther (Exam)

Question 1

(1517) On October 31, Luther posted his famous Ninety-Five Theses on the door of the…

Answer 1

Castle Church in Wittenberg

Question 2

(1517) Luther did not intend to start a revolution. Rather, _____________________________________ However, the printing press enabled rapid spreading of the Theses across Europe, igniting public interest and ecclesiastical concern.

Answer 2

he sought to reform certain abuses in the Church.

Question 3

(1517) Martin Luther was an Augustinian monk, ______ and ______ _______ at the _______________________________

Answer 3

priest, theology professor, University of Wittenberg in Saxony, part of the Holy Roman Empire

Question 4

(1517) He entered the monastery in ____ following a terrifying thunderstorm experience, Luther devoted himself deeply to _______ _____. However, despite his studying and devotion, he struggled profoundly with the ________ __ _________ and the __________ __ ____. His theological studies, especially his engagement with the Pauline epistles (______ __ __________), led him to a breakthrough: justification by faith alone (sola fide), not through works or the Church’s sacraments.

Answer 4

1505, monastic life, question of salvation, righteousness of God, Romans and Galatians

Question 5

(1517) The original issue was ________. These were an outgrowth of the Church’s teaching on sin and penance. (confession)

Answer 5

indulgences

Question 6

In 1518, Luther was summoned to _______ to appear before Cardinal Cajetan, who instructed him to change his beliefs. Luther refused, asserting that ________ must be the authority rather than the Pope or Church tradition. This was a crucial moment: he was not yet fully breaking with the Church, but he was asserting the primacy of ____________________, which would become a foundational Reformation principle.

Answer 6

Augsburg, Scripture, Scripture (sola scriptura)

Question 7

In 1518, when Luther was summoned by the Pope to answer to the charge of heresy, _______ ____ ______, protected Luther by refusing to send him to ____. This political support was essential: without it, Luther would likely have been _________ _____ __________ _____ __

Answer 7

Frederick the Wise, Rome, silenced or executed early on.

Question 8

(1518) His works were being translated into __________ and ______ ________

Answer 8

German, gaining popularity

Question 9

In ___ 1519, Luther engaged in a public disputation with Catholic theologian Johann Eck in ______. This debate was critical in further ________ ________ ________. During the debate:
* Luther denied the divine _________ of the _____, calling it a ________ ________.
* He defended some of _____ _____ positions—___ had been condemned as a heretic and burned in 1415.
* He argued that _______ ________ ____ ___, just. like popes.

Answer 9

July, Leipzig, radicalizing Luther’s views, institution, papacy, human creation, Jan Hus’s, Hus, Church councils can err

Question 10

(1519) The declarations made in Luther’s dispute with ________ ___ marked a theological turning point. Luther was now openly questioning the _____ ____________ __ ________ ___________

Answer 10

Johann Eck, very foundation of Catholic authority.

Question 11

(1519) Luthers writings were circulating and reaching countries like, France, _______, and _____

Answer 11

England, Italy

Question 12

1520 saw Luther produce three groundbreaking works that crystallised Reformation theology:

Answer 12

1. To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation
2. The Babylonian Captivity of the Church
3. The Freedom of a Christian

Question 13

(1520) What did “To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation” include?

Answer 13

Luther
- Attacked the “Three Walls” that protected the Church: spiritual over temporal power (positions in the church), sole authority to interpret Scripture, and exclusive right to call councils.
- Called on German princes to reform the Church since the Pope would not.

Question 14

(1520) What did “The Babylonian Captivity of the Church” include?

Answer 14

• Attacked the sacramental system of the Church.
• Reduced the sacraments from seven to two: Baptism and the Lord’s Supper.
• Claimed that the Church had held believers in spiritual bondage.

Question 15

(1520) What did “The Freedom of a Christian” include?

Answer 15

• Summarised his theology of justification by grace through faith alone and Christian liberty.
• Emphasised that a Christian is “a perfectly free lord of all” and “a perfectly dutiful servant of all.”

Question 16

(1520) These works were published in both _______ ____ _______, spreading Luther’s ideas rapidly.

Answer 16

Latin and German

Question 17

In June 1520, ____ _____ _ issued the papal bull ________ _______, which condemned Luther’s teachings and gave him __ days to recant. In response, Luther __________ ____ ____ ________ in __________ outside ________

Answer 17

Pope Leo X, Exsurge Domine, 60, burned the bull publicly, December, Wittenberg

Question 18

In _______ 1521, Luther was excommunicated via the bull ______ Romanum ________. Meaning that he was banned from _______ or taking part in the ________.

Answer 18

January, Decet, Pontificem, preaching, sacraments

Question 19

Not long after being excommunicated, he was summoned to appear before the ____ __ _____ (an imperial assembly) in ____ 1521. Here, Luther famously stood before Emperor ______ _ and Church _______

Answer 19

Diet of Worms, April, Charles V, officials

Question 20

(1521) When asked to recant his writings he said…

Answer 20

“I am bound by the Scriptures I have quoted… I cannot and will not recant anything, for to go against conscience is neither right nor safe. Here I stand. I can do no other. God help me. Amen.”

Question 21

(1521) The _____ __ ______ was issued shortly after, declaring Luther an outlaw, ______ ____ _______, and stating that anyone could kill him without _____ ___________

Answer 21

Edict of Worms, banning his works, legal consequence.

Question 22

(1521) __________ __ ____ staged Luther’s “kidnapping” and hid him at ________ _______ under the name _______ ______.

Answer 22

Frederick the Wise, Wartburg Castle, “Junker Jörg.”

Question 23

(1521) While in hiding, Luther translated the New Testament into ______.

Answer 23

German

Question 24

(Effect) His teachings emboldened German princes and contributed to tensions that would eventually lead to ____ __ _______

Answer 24

wars of religion.

Question 25

(Effect) By translating Scripture and emphasising individual faith, Luther empowered __ ___.

Answer 25

the laity

Question 26

(Conclusion) Between 1517 and 1521, Martin Luther went from a relatively...

Answer 26

obscure monk to the spearhead of a revolution that would split Western Christianity and reshape Europe. His ideas not only transformed theology but laid the foundations for modern concepts of individual conscience, religious liberty, and national identity.

Question 27

(General) In the late medieval church, calls for renewal were loud and persistent and some reforms were enacted in monastic orders,

Answer 27

in church life, and in popular movements associated with the names of John Wyclif and John Hus.

Question 28

(1518) To hold Luther’s view, said ______, was to teach new and erroneous doctrine and to ______ __ ____ _______

Answer 28

Cajetan, ‘build a new church

Question 29

Throughout ____ Luther became more defiant and assertive. He openly identified with ___ and attacked both the Roman hierarchy and the ___________ _________ of the church.

Answer 29

1520, Hus, sacramental system

Question 30

(1517) Luther's main issues with indulgences

Answer 30

1. He protested against despoiling Germans to pay for the construction of St. Peter's, saying that few Germans could worship there, that the Pope was rich enough to do the building with his own money 2. Luther said that indulgences did not remove guilt and that the Pope could remit only those penalties which he himself had imposed on earth and that he had no jurisdiction over purgatory. 3. He denied that the saints had accumulated surplus credits. 4. He held that indulgences bred a false sense of security and so were positively harmful.

Question 31

(1519) Luther's critics did not keep silent and outstanding members of the staff of the University of Wittenberg rallied to Luther's defence. One of these was Philip Melanchthon who was a competent scholar, particularly in Greek

Question 32

Named of the Bull that threatened to excommunicate Luther (June, 60 days)

Answer 32

Exsurge Domine

Question 33

Name of the Bull that excommunicated Luther (Jan 3)

Answer 33

Decet Romanum Pontificem

Question 34

The three walls that Luther believed the Roman Catholic Church had erected to protect itself from reform. (The Christian nobility of the German nation)

Answer 34

1) The assertion that no temporal power has authority over them 2) The claim that only the Pope can interpret scripture 3) The assertion that only the Pope can call a church council