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mass movement animals (JPB) Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the relationship between surface area : volume

A

as size increases surface area : volume ratio decreases this means that a mass transport system is required

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2
Q

what are common features of a mass transport system

A

a suitable medium in which to carry materials
a form of mass transport
a closed system of tubular vessels
a mechanism for moving the medium this requires a pressure difference
a pump to transport the medium

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3
Q

how is movement achieved in a transport system / animals

A

by muscle contraction of the body or the heart

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4
Q

how is movement achieved in a transport system / plants

A

natural passive processes such as evaporation of water

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5
Q

why are valves important

A

they maintain the mass flow of blood in one direction

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6
Q

what is a double circulatory system

A

mammals have them blood stays in the blood vessels and passes through each circuit twice

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7
Q

why is a double circulatory system needed

A

it is needed as when blood travels through the lungs its pressure is reduced and so blood flow is slow, blood is returned to the left side of the heart to boost the pressure

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8
Q

what is the role of arteries

A

arteries transport oxygenated blood away from the heart towards tissues at the highest pressure
exception pulmonary artery

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9
Q

what is the role of the veins

A

veins transport deoxygenated blood towards the heart muscle at the lowest pressure towards the right hand side of heart to lungs to be reoxygenated
exception pulmonary vein

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10
Q

what is the role of the capillaries

A

where rapid exchange of metabolic materials take place rapidly
they is because :
there are million, provides LSA
one cell thick so SPD
lots of them creating GBS and a steep diffusion gradient

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11
Q

what does renal mean

A

kidneys

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12
Q

what does pulmonary mean

A

lungs

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13
Q

features of the aorta

A

deals with the greatest pressure and is connected to the left ventrical

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14
Q

features of the vena cava

A

connected to the right atrium and receives low pressure deoxygenated blood from the body
superior and inferior

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15
Q

what is the structure of the heart

A

a muscular organ that lies in the thoracic cavity
made up of 4 chambers

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16
Q

features of the atrium

A

both left and right atrium have thin walls that stretch and recoil as they collect blood

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17
Q

features of the ventricles

A

much thicker muscular wall as they contract strongly to pump blood to the lungs or the body

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18
Q

why is the left ventricle wall so thick

Eris was here

A

has the thickest muscle wall as
it has the strongest contraction so that a high blood pressure is created to send blood around the entire body

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19
Q

how is the right ventricle adapted

A

has thin muscle wall as blood only has to travel to the lungs

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20
Q

what does systemic mean

A

the whole body

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21
Q

features of the lest side of the heart

A

oxygenated
high blood pressure
to the body

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22
Q

feature of the right side of the heart (you literally cant spell)

A

deoxygenated
lowest blood pressure
to the lungs to re oxygenate

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23
Q

why are transport systems needed

A

they are used to move substances over long distances
diffusion also used

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24
Q

what are the valves between the atrium and ventricle called

A

AV / atrioventricular valves
BICUSPID/left
TRICUSPID/right

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25
why are the AV valves needed
the valves prevent blood into the atria when the ventricles contract/systole
26
what does the pulmonary artery do
connected to the RV carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs it is re oxygenated CO2 removed
27
what does the pulmonary vein do
connected to the left atrium brings oxygenated blood back from the lungs
28
what are the coronary arteries
supply the heart with blood these branch off the aorta shortly after it leaves the heart needed as heart does not meet the oxygen required blockage of this can lead to myocardial infarcation / heart attack
29
factors that make it more likely to have a circulatory pump
low SA:V ratio high metabolism, cells need more oxygen and glucose
30
advantages of a double circulatory system
increases blood pressure and so increases amount of blood moving to tissue and throughout the body it re pressurises blood re oxygenates blood
31
what are the semilunar valves
aortic / left pulmonary / right
32
what is the function of the coronary arteries
carry oxygenated blood to the heart muscle which allows the muscle cells to respire and contracts
33
what is a risk factor
risk factors is any factor that increase the risk of a disease
34
examples of risk factors
too much saturated fats genetics not enough exercise (sedimentary lifestyle ) too much cholesterol drugs too much alcohol
35
what are the semi lunar valves
aortic valve between the left ventricle and aorta which prevents backflow of blood in aorta pulmonary valve between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery prevent backflow RA
36
how is the highest blood pressure produced in the left ventricle
there is the most muscle in the wall which means that their is a stronger contraction so higher pressure
37
what does systole mean
contraction
38
what does diastole mean
relaxation
39
what is one cardiac cycle
one cardiac cycle is 1 heart beat which is roughly 0.7 seconds
40
what is the cardiac diastole 1st step
cardiac diastole blood returns from atria through the vena cava and pulmonary artery AV valves are closed the atrium fill with blood the volume and pressure fill up gravity aids the movement
41
what force aids the movement of blood in the heart
gravity
42
what creates valves to open
AV valves open when the pressure in the atrium are higher than in the ventricle
43
what is the atrial systole 2nd step
atrial systole the atrium contract as ventricles are relaxed so fill with blood AS forces blood to ventricles contraction is weak as blood doesn't need to travel far and is aided by gravity
44
what is ventricular systole
short delay between AS and VS this allows the ventricle to completely fill allows atria to empty AV valves close as pressure in atria less than ventricles semi lunar valves open as pressure in the ventricles is more than the arteries
45
what is the equasion for cardiac output
CO = HR x SV
46
what is cardiac output
the volume of the blood pumped out by one ventricle of the heart in 1 minute
47
what is the average heart rate
60 -100 bpm
48
what is the stroke volume
the volume of blood pumped out of the LV
49
what is the normal SV
roughly 70 ml
50
how do you remember the order of the heart beat
San Nct Avn 1 Avn 2 Contraction purKinje
51
what is the SAN
the sinoatrial node (pacemaker) sends impulse across both atrium causing atrial systole
52
what is the NCT
the non conducting tissue prevents the immediate contracting of ventricles
53
what is the AVN 1
delays next impulse while the atrium empty and the ventricles fill
54
what is the AVN 2
impulse sent down the bundle of hiss and up the purkinje fibre
55
why is the contraction so important in the cell cycle
contraction is apex up which forces all of the blood up and out at a high pressure
56
what does the ECG record
an ECG records the electrical activity of your heart
57
what order do the waves occur
P Q R S T
58
what does the P wave record
atrial systole
59
what does the QRS wave record
ventricular systole
60
what does the T wave record
diastole
61
describe how the heartbeat is initiated and coordinated
the SAN controls the speed and rhythm of the heart by sending an electrical impulse across both atrium NCT prevents immediate contraction of the ventricles AVN delays the next impulse so the atrium can empty and ventricles to fill. the AVN then sends an impulse down the bundle of hiss and up the purkinje fibres this causes contraction of the heart apex up of the heart forcing blood up and out
62
what is the function of the arteries
usually oxygenated blood at high pressure traveling away from the heart
63
what is the function of the veins
usually oxygenated blood at low pressure traveling towards the heart
64
what is the function of the capillaries
there are millions of them, exchange takes place here they are very delicate
65
what is the function of arterioles
smaller arteries that control blood flow from arteries to the capillaries
66
what is the function of venules
smaller veins that return blood from capillaries to the vein
67
how do you remember the layers of blood vessels
Tough fibrous outer layer Muscle layer Elastic layer Lumen Thin inner lining / endothelium
68
what is the tough fibrous lining
resist pressure change within
69
what is the muscle layer
contract and relax which controls the blood flow
70
what is the elastic layer
it stretches and recoil which maintains the BP
71
what is the lumen
narrow and wide it is the central cavity where the blood flows
72
what is the thin inner lining
smooth to reduce friction diffusion to capillaries
73
what is the structure and function of the arteries
arteries rapidly transport blood under high pressure away from the heart to tissue -thick muscle layer -thicker elastic layer - stretches and recoils to maintain high BP propel blood and smooth pressure surges -thick walls to resist bursting -no valves -lumen is narrow to control blood flow
74
what is the structure and function of arteriols
lower pressure than arteries control blood flow more muscle than arteries to control blood flow thinner elastic layer than arteries yo lower BP
75
what is the structure and function of capillaries
exchange metabolic materials between blood and cells no elastic or muscle cells millions of them highly branched providing LSA walls consist mostly endothelium lining creating SDP have a narrow lumen so RBC have to squeeze flat against capillary space between the lining cells which allows WBC to leave RBC travel in single file slowly so time for diffusion RBC dont back up as millions
76
what is the structure and function of veins
deoxygenated blood at a low speed and pressure from capillaries to heart muscle thin muscle layer thin elastic layer wide lumen overall thickness is small valves prevent backflow
77
what is osmosis
it is the diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane
78
why is tissue fluid important
it surrounds every cell in the body, it is dynamic (always changing) depending on the body's needs TF supplies tissues with all it needs and in return receives CO2 and any other waste materials it is where materials are exchanged
79
what does tissue fluid consist of
glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, ions in solution, oxygen
80
what happens to any excess TF
not all of the TF can return to the capillary so any excess is carried back via the lymphatic system
81
what is odema
a build up of tissue fluid that usually builds up in the feet and ankles as there is a lack of lymphatic vessels. as the heart beats faster there is higher infiltration so TF cannot drain into lymphatic vessels and remains into intercellular space
82
explain how TF forms and how it returns to the circulatory system
the contraction of the LV creates high hydrostatic pressure at the arterial end which forces small molecules e.g. glucose, water. large molecules remain in the capillary which decreases the water potential at the venous end so water moves back in via osmosis. the lymphatic system collects any excess TF which is returned to the blood
83
how does a lack of protein cause a build up of tissue fluid
the water potential in the capillary is higher as there is no protein so no water is removed from the capillary by osmosis
84
what is haemoglobin
haemoglobin is a protein with a quaternary structure , it is composed of 4 polypeptide chains (2 alpha, 2 beta)
85
what does each haemoglobin composed of
has 4 polypeptide chains (2 alpha 2 beta) the 4 pp chains form an almost spherical shape each pp chain contains a haem group each haem group contain a ferrous group
86
where does haemoglobin load oxygen
HB loads oxygen in the lungs and unloads oxygen in respiring cells
87
what is affinity
a chemical attraction
88
what does it mean if HB has high affinity for oxygen
it takes up oxygen more easily and releases it less easily in respiring cells HB have low affinity of oxygen so it readily unloads oxygen
89
what is partial pressure
a measure of the concentration of one gas in a mixture of gasses in lungs PpO2 high respiring cells PpO2 low
90
what is the role of HB in supplying oxygen to tissues
HB loads oxygen in the lungs to form oxyhaemoglobin at high PpO2 (almost fully saturated) it unloads oxygen in respiring tissues at low PpO2, unbinding caused by CO2 concerntration
91
how is oxygen loaded
the shape of HB makes it difficult to load the first O2 at low PpO2 the haem group is the O2 binding site the binding of the first O2changes the quaternary structure so changes the shape making it easier for the others to bind small increase in PpO2 makes it easier for others to load after 3rd binds 4th can bind but it is harder to due to probability majority of binding site occupied so less likely o2 will find empty binding site
92
the left shift (HB curve )
greater affinity of O2 for HB, loads o2 more readily but unloads o2 less readily beneficial in lungs
93
the right shift
shifts to the right so lower affinity and loads o2 less readily but unloads more easily beneficial in respiring cells
94
what is the relationship with CO2 concentration and O2
HB has reduced affinity for O2 in the presence of CO2 the greater the conc of CO2 the more readily the HB releases its O2
95
how is CO2 unloaded
in respiring cells there is a high PpCO2 making the blood more acidic which lowers PH making the shape of HB change which has a lower affinity of O2 so releases it
96
what is the Bohr effect
higher rate of respiration leads to more CO2 produce in the tissues creating a lower PH which changes the shape so O2 is unloaded more readily so more O2 available for respiration

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