speciation and taxonomy (CMO)

Question 1

what is a species

Answer 1

a group of organisms with observable similarities can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. they dont usually breed with other species

Question 2

why is it difficult to define a species

Answer 2

ARTIFICIAL SELECTION results in variation within a species e.g. dogs
EVOLUTION species change over time
HYBRIDS mostly infertile
ISOLATIONISM species that are isolated may classify as different species

Question 3

what is natural selection

Answer 3

when two individuals breed naturally without interference

Question 4

what is artificial selection

Answer 4

when we choose individuals with desired characteristics and breed them

Question 5

what is courtship

Answer 5

the way organisms behave in order to attract each other to allow mating

Question 6

what type of stimulus occurs in courtship behaviour

Answer 6

visual
sound

Question 7

what are innate behaviours

Answer 7

they are hardwired into animals they are triggered by stimulus and performed with no previous experience

Question 8

what is the SRC

Answer 8

the stimulus response chain

Question 9

how is the SRC a type of species recognition

Answer 9

different species have different SRC

Question 10

what is the order of the SRC

Answer 10

1)male signals female in order to mate
2)female responds with a specific stimulus of her own
3)signals male 3)signals male
to continue to terminate
courtship courtship SRC

Question 11

what is the benefit of courtship behaviour

Answer 11

SPECIES RECOGNITION
PAIR BOND
SYNCRONISED MATING
MATURITY IN ANIMALS

Question 12

what is a pair bond

Answer 12

strong attraction between male and female breeding pairs

Question 13

what is phylogenetic taxonomy

Answer 13

classification of living organisms based on evolutionary relationships

Question 14

what are the 8 classification groups

Answer 14

DOMAIN
KINGDOM
PHYLUM
CLASS
ORDER
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES

Question 15

what are the 5 kingdoms

Answer 15

Animalia
plantae
fungi
prokaryote
protist

Question 16

what is morphology

Answer 16

the physical features of an animal e.g. bones

Question 17

why are fossil records important

Answer 17

often provides clues to evolutionary relationships and can provide evidence

Question 18

what are embryonical patterns

Answer 18

early patterns provide evidence of phylogenetic relationships and can provide evidence

Question 19

what does the system classification show

Answer 19

ancestor
common ancestors
when organisms diverged
shows how closely organisms are related

Question 20

what are the problems with classification

Answer 20

using physical characteristics has many limitations and can often lead to the wrong classification of species
this method makes scientists encounter many problems

Question 21

how is the evolution of an organism shown

Answer 21

by a phylogenetic tree

Question 22

what goes on the axis on a phylogenetic tree

Answer 22

diversity across
time down

Question 23

what methods are used for phylogenetic taxonomy

Answer 23

comparing morphology
fossil evidence
embryonic similarities/ differences

Question 24

what method is used in molecular taxonomy/DNA sequencing

Answer 24

advances in DNA, RNA and protein sequencing
immunology
comparing amino acids

Question 25

what is a lions classification

Answer 25

K anamilia P chordota C mammalia O carnivora F felidae G panthera S panthera leo

Question 26

what is a genome

Answer 26

an organisms entire genetic makeup

Question 27

what are the three types of sequence data

Answer 27

DNA MRNA amino acids

Question 28

what are the benefits of genome sequencing

Answer 28

compare sequencing of similar morphology use remains of extinct species compare species and analyse where evolution may occur

Question 29

what is immunology

Answer 29

proteins are used to compare protein albumin found in many species

Question 30

how is immunology used

Answer 30

1)pure albumin samples extracted from blood samples taken from species 2)each pure albumin injected into rabbit. each rabbit produces antibodies for specific type of albumin 3)antibodies extracted from rabbit and mixed with albumin species 4)precipitate from each sample is weighed

Question 31

what is meant if the albumin precipitate is high

Answer 31

the greater weight means the greater complementary

Question 32

what is meant by heirarchy

Answer 32

the systemic organisation of organisms into levels/ taxons

Question 33

how is heirarchial taxonomy classified

Answer 33

by shared similarities and features

Question 34

how is phylogenetic taxonomy classified

Answer 34

by evolutionary history

Question 35

how is molecular classified

Answer 35

by biological molecules which shows similarities and relationships

Question 36

what is a gene

Answer 36

a small section of DNA containing code that determines organisms features

Question 37

how is DNA important in molecular taxonomy

Answer 37

compare organisms shows how species evolved from one another classify organisms

Question 38

why is DNA used molecular taxonomy

Answer 38

it is found in all types of organisms

Question 39

why is protein used molecular taxonomy

Answer 39

it is universal/ found in all organisms e.g. haemoglobin

Question 40

what does comparing proteins allow molecular taxonomy

Answer 40

shows similarities and differences between organisms classify organisms determine evolutionary relationships

Question 41

what is haemoglobin

Answer 41

interlinking of four polypeptide chains twisted to give spherical shape each polypeptide has Fe containing haem group

Question 42

what is cytochrome C

Answer 42

consists of interlocking amino acids twisted/bended central single haem group

Question 43

how many standard amino acids are there

Answer 43

20

Question 44

what is the relationship between animals that are closely related and there amino acids

Answer 44

animals that are closely related have similar amino acid sequences

Question 45

what is DNA hybridisation

Answer 45

DNA is heated double strand to single strand the heat breaks up the hydrogen bonds

Question 46

what is the process of DNA hybridisation

Answer 46

1)denature the human DNA heat to 85-90'c do the same with the other 2)human SSDNA is produced label with radioactive tag 3)cool and allow SSDNA to hybridise with other organisms the H bonds reform