Mass Transport in Animals

Question 1

What are the two components of blood?

Answer 1

liquid plasma and cells

Question 2

What is plasma?

Answer 2

transports dissolved glucose, amino acids, urea, ions and hormones

Question 3

What are the majority of the cells in the blood?

Answer 3

red blood cells

Question 4

What are the other type of cells in the blood?

Answer 4

white blood cells- invloved in the immune response

Question 5

Why are the porportions of the comonents of the blood important?

Answer 5

there has to be enough plasma for the blood to flow, a small decrease and the blood becomes viscous and the heart has to pump harder.

Question 6

What is the human heart?

Answer 6

The double pump of the double circulatory system (blood passes throught the heart twice)

Question 7

What are arteries?

And what are their properties?

Answer 7

Take blood away from the heart.

Thick, flexible walls

inside wall- flattened cells to reduce friction

Middle wall- muscle cells and elastic fibres

outside- layer of tough protein fibres.

Question 8

What are veins and their properties?

Answer 8

Take blood to the heart.

Thinner walls

Lower blood pressure

valves

wider lumen

Question 9

What are capillaries?

Answer 9

8 micrometres in diameter

larger SA

Short diffusion distance

Question 10

Which vessels enter the heart?

Answer 10

vena cava

pulmonary vein

Question 11

Which vessels leave the heart?

Answer 11

pulmonary artery

aorta

Question 12

Which vessels enter the kidney and which leaves?

Answer 12

enters- renal artery

leaves- renal vein

Question 13

What are the location and function of the coronary arteries?

Answer 13

wrap around the outside of the heart.

sends blood flow to the heart.

Question 14

What is cardiac muscle consisted of?

Answer 14

branced myofibrils separated by intercalated discs

Question 15

What is heart rate?

Answer 15

the number of cardiac cycles per minute

Question 16

What is stroke volume?

Answer 16

the volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle during one cardiac cycle.

Question 17

What is cardiac output?

Answer 17

the volume of blood the left ventricle pumps out to the body per minute.

Question 18

What is coronary heart disease?

Answer 18

any condition that interferes with the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle

occurs when they become blocked by fatty diposits.

Question 19

What is the cardiac cycle?

Answer 19

the sequence of stages that happen during one heartbeat

Question 20

What is systole?

Answer 20

the stage in the cardiac cycle when the muscles of the heart chambers are contracting

Question 21

What is diastole?

Answer 21

the relaxation of the muscles

Question 22

What are the three stages of the cardiac cycle?

Answer 22

Atrial systole

Ventricular systole

Diastole

Question 23

What happens during the artial systole stage?

Answer 23

atrial msucle contracts

blood forced through the atrioventricular valves into ventricles

Question 24

What happens during the ventricular systole stage?

Answer 24

ventricle muscles contract

blood forced throuhh valves into arteries

Question 25

What happens during the diastole stage?

Answer 25

muscles of the ventricle relax

Question 26

What does contraction of the muscles cause?

Answer 26

walls of ventricles create pressure, higher of that in the aorta and pulmonary artery, forcing open the valves.

Question 27

What does relaxation of the ventricle muscles cause?

Answer 27

walls recoil, increases volume, reduces pressure and semi-lunar valves shut

Question 28

How does blood flow back to the atria?

Answer 28

At a much lower pressure, walls relaxed, as atria fill, some blood passes through the valves, as they fill more, the walls contract and forces valves fully open

Question 29

What is the vena cava?

Answer 29

superior and inferior Brings blood back from the body

Question 30

What is the aorta?

Answer 30

carriers blood from heart to around the body

Question 31

What is the pulmonary artery?

Answer 31

carries blood from the heart to the lungs

Question 32

What are the pulmonary veins?

Answer 32

returns blood from the lungs

Question 33

What are the semi-lunar valves?

Answer 33

Prevent backflow into the ventricles as blood leaves the heart, e.g. the aortic valve

Question 34

What are the atrioventricular valves?

Answer 34

Tricuspid on right side of heart Bicuspid on left side of heart -Prevent backflow into atria.

Question 35

What are the coronary arteries?

Answer 35

Wrap around the outside of the heart. Sends blood to the heart muscle

Question 36

How to calculate cardiac output?

Answer 36

stroke volume x heart rate

Question 37

What does myogenic mean?

Answer 37

myogenic muscle can generate its own contraction and does not need to be stiumlated by a nerve. Caused by the atrioventricular and sinoatrial node

Question 38

What does an ECG measure?

Answer 38

electrical change

Question 39

what does an ECG look like

Answer 39

first small bump- atria depolarising, then av node delyaed, then the sharp rise is the ventricles depolarising, then the next bump is the ventricles repolarising.

Question 40

How is blood adapted to transport oxygen?

Answer 40

small size - 7 micrometres, reduces diffusion distance flattened disc shape- increases SA:V ratio and short diffusion pathway Thin central part of disc- flexible, edges scrape on walls of cappilairy absence of organelles- maximum space for haemoglobin haemoglobin - increases the oxygen carrying capacity of blood

Question 41

What is the structure of haemoglobin?

Answer 41

4 polypeptides (globins) with a haem group Haem contains iron ion (Fe2+)

Question 42

What is oxyhaemoglobin?

Answer 42

When each haemoglobin combines with a maximum of four molecules of oxygen - 100% saturated if all have combined.

Question 43

What is the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve?

Answer 43

s - shaped shows how much oxygen is combined at different partial pressures of oxygen

Question 44

What is partial pressure?

Answer 44

How much oxygen is available to haemoglobin

Question 45

What is cooperative binding?

Answer 45

where haemoglobin molecules change shape and load with oxygen more easily once the first oxygen has combined. makes the s shape

Question 46

What is the Bohr effect?

Answer 46

change in position of the dissocaition curve due to an increased concentartion of CO2 occurs in active muscles