Master exam 1 Flashcards by John Walker

precursor of prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes

arachidonic acid

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generic structure of phospholipid

2 fa
glycerol backbond
phosphate
alcohol

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diffrent sites wheree phospholipids components can vary

fatty acids - different chain lenghts, saturated vs unsaturated
head groups- different alcohols
More or less phosphate groups

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local hormone

localized close to a cell or just within the tissue they were secreted in
not circulation
short halflives
do not build up to high levels in circulation

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property of prostaglandins that make them a local hormone

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why are local hormones more likely to have pleitoropic effects

different tissues can have different receptors for the same hormone so it can have multiple effects that dont interfere since its only acting within one type

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citrate lyase role in cholesterol and fatty acid syn

both are made in cytosol acetyl coa comes from mitochondria but cant get out on its own. so it leaves as citrate which gets cut apart by the lyase

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rate limiting and regulated step of fatty acid synthesis

acetyl coa via acetyl coa carboxylase to malonyl coa

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ACAT

acts on a cell to allow storage of free cholesterol to take from hdl?

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LCAT

converts free cholesterol to cholesterol esters in the HDL changins shape

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essentrial features of steriod hormone receptor

nuclear receptor
transactivation domain
DNA binding domain
hinge
ligand binding domain
NLS 
transcription factor

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essential features of non steriodal hormone receptors

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aspartate + alpha ketoglutarate

glutamate
oxaloacetate
enzyme: aspartate aminotransferase
coenzyme: PLP

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homocystein genaration

methionine is metabolized to homocysteine by Met condensing with ATP to form SAM. the methyl group from SAM can be transferred to a variety of acceptors causing SAM to SAHwhich becomes adenosine and homocysteine

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Hcy low level control

remethylation to Met via THF and B12

or transulfuration to cystvia VOMIT coenzyme and PLP

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sphingolipids vs phospholipids

sphingo have serine backbone`

phospholipids have glycerol

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pancreatic
hormone senstivie
lipoprotein
lipases

cleaves dietary TAG into fa and monag to get through membranes
frees TAG into fa to leave adipose
cleaves TAG to enter adipose and muscle

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prostaglandin

arachidonic acid to prostaglandin to prostaglandins, protacclin, thromboxanes
PGHS turns aa to PH2 then other enzymes depending on tissue decide what it becomes

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COX1 vs COX2

types of PGHS
1 is hosukepping, constitutive
2 is highly regulated, transient and pro inflammatory, mRNA up and down regulated

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what can be activated first in lipid biosynthesis

either phosphatidic acid or alcohol

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sources of lipid diversity

different fatty acyl chains
different head groups
PL vs ether lipids vs sphingolipds
diverstiy in glycosylation pattern

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NSAIDs

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RL of FA synthesis

acetyl coA + CO2 via acetyl coa carboxylase and biotin make malonyl coA
\+ citrate
\+dephosphorylation
-end product
-phosph

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fatty acid synthase

condense reduce dehydrate reduce to keep adding acetyl co a to malonyl until palmitic acid using NADPH

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configuration needed for beta oxidation

trans but cis is normal so use isomerase

4 steps of beta oxidatino

dehydrogenate (FAD) hydrate dehydrogenate (NAD) thiolysis

RL beta oxidation

transport to mitochondria carnitine shuttle where acetyl coa swaps with carneitine to get in malonyl co a inhibits CPT 1

ketone bodies

made in liver cuz HMG coa lyase, but liver cant use it

cis vs trans fatty acids

cis has kink and is nateural | trans is no kink from processsed and packs weird

where do FA elongation and desaturation happen

er | FA synthase

Very long chain fatty acids

have to start in peroxisomes

RL step of cholesterol biosynthesis

HMGcoa to mevalonate by hmg voa reducatase

statins

competitive inhibitors of hmg coa reductase

chylomicrons

``` dietary lipids ApoB first thing APoe brings to liver apocII - activates lipoprotein lipase apocIII - inhibits lpl ```

VLDL

``` endogenous lipids apob100 apoE apoCi ApoCIIandII from HDL lose 505 BECOME IDL THEN LDL ```

LDL

receptor sees APoB100 on IDL PCSK9 blocks receptors bad cholesterol

HDL

good remove cholesterol from body no apoB give ApoC to other types

4 purposes of salt

membrane - fludity and lipid raft steroid syn bile acid vitamin d

farneysl

last cholesterol precursor that does other stuff for things thtat need isoprene units

srebp?

lcat

turns cholesterol into cholesterol ester

cyp 450

oxidize intermediates

pregnenolone

prohormone

progesterone

idk

aldosterone

mineral corichoid | raises bp

testosterone

secondary male ex | androgen

estradiol

estrogen

cortisol

glucovorticoid | fight or flight

nuclear receptors

activation domain dna binding domain hinge ligand binding domain

glucocorticoid receptor

inhibit inflamation

ALT

alanine + alpha ketoglutarate = pyruvate +glutamate

AST

aspartate + alphaketoglutarate = glutamate + oxaloacetate

coenzyme for aminotransferases

PLP

oxidative deamniation

nh4 + alpha ketoglutareate = glutamate NADPH forward NAD backwards

glutamine synthetase vs glutaminase

syn make glutamine | ase releases nh4 and glutamate

RL of UC

CPSI enzyme | NAG activator

soley ketogenic aa

leucine lysine made into acetyl coa for ketone bodies

gluco keto genic

``` PITT phenylalanine isoleucine Tryptophan Tyrosine ```

BCAA

Leu Ile Val

Beta oxidation 3 steps

transamination oxidative decarboxylation Dehydrogenation

Beta oxidation outcomes

Leucine to acetyl coa | Valine and Isoleucine to proponeyl coa to ala

Maple Syrup Urine disease

deficiency in Bcahine alpha keto acid dehydrogenainas BCKAD

glucose- alanine intertissue cycle

in mucscle glucose to pyruvate to alanine taken to liver alanine to pyruvate to glucose to muscle takes Nh4 from muscle to liver via alanine

essential aa

``` PVT TIM HLL phenylalanine valine threonine tryptophan isoleucine methionine histidine leucine lysine ```

pellagra

insufficint Trp

alkoptoneureia

dioxygeniase | first inborn error found

PKU

``` PAH deficiency (PAH to Tyr) ```

keep levels of hcy low

remethy hcy to met with THF B12 | or hcy + ser to cystein

glycogen

short term liver and kidney systemic mucle local

fat

long adipose glyceron for gluconeogensis

protein

stored but no unique storage form | glucogenic acids for glucose

liver

shares | lacks transferase to use ketone bodeis

muscle

stores but cant share glucsose | has tranaminase for BCAA

adipose

takes fa from VLDL as TAG

storage vs retrieval

storage are dephosphorylatted | retreival are phosphorylated

how do nadh and oaa cross inner imtochondrial membraen

malate

oaa cross inner imtochondrial membraen

aspartate

LC fatty acyle CoA cross inner imtochondrial membraen

LC fatty acyl carnitine

acetyl coa cross inner imtochondrial membraen

citrate