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mastitis Flashcards

CA33-36 (89 cards)

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1
Q

name the condition

inflammation of the udder

A

mastitis

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2
Q

name 4 general causes of mastitis

A
  1. infection
  2. trauma
  3. engorgement
  4. chemical
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3
Q

incidence or prevalence?

clinical mastitis expressed as cases / 100 cows / year

A

incidence

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4
Q

incidence or prevalence?

sub-clinical mastitis expressed as percent of recordings

A

prevalence

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5
Q

what is the reservoir of infection for contagious pathogens causing mastitits

A

cow (udder or teat skin)

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6
Q

what is the reservoir of infection for environmental pathogens causing mastitits

A

environment

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7
Q

do contagious pathogens causing mastitis have bacterial adhesive properties?

A

yes

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8
Q

do environmental pathogens causing mastitis have bacterial adhesive properties?

A

no

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9
Q

name 3 contagious pathogens that cause mastitis

A
  1. Staph. aureus
  2. Strep. agalactiae
  3. Strep. dysgalactiae

(also Mycoplasma spp. & C. bovis)

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10
Q

name 2 environmental pathogens that cause mastitis

A
  1. E. coli
  2. Strep. uberis

(also Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus, Yeasts and moulds)

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11
Q

name the contagious mastitis pathogen

strong adhesive properties;
clinical disease varies from peracute to chronic;
poor treatment success rates;
gram pos

A

Staph. aureus

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12
Q

name 5 reasons Staph. aureus causing mastitis is so difficult to treat successfully

A
  1. poor abx penetration to site of infection
  2. production of beta-lactamase
  3. persistance of bacterial w/in cell
  4. bacteria insensitive to abx therapy
  5. insufficient duration of therapy
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13
Q

name the contagious mastitis pathogen

highly contagious;
excretion of high numbers of bacteria;
good treatment success rates ;
gram pos

A

Strep. agalactiae

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14
Q

name the contagious mastitis pathogen

present on teat skin (esp if damaged);
also in environment (short-term vector);
gram pos

A

Strep. dysgalactiae

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15
Q

name the contagious mastitis pathogen

highly contagious
hard udder with watery/sandy/thick secretions;
polyarthritis may be a feature

A

Mycoplasma spp

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16
Q

name the contagious mastitis pathogen

teat end commensal bacteria?
poor post-mlking teat disinfection;
gram pos

A

Corynebacterium bovis

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17
Q

name the environmental mastitis pathogen

infection during dry period very important;
large numbers in faeces;
clinical disease varies from peracute to chronic;
gram neg

A

E. coli

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18
Q

name the environmental mastitis pathogen

association with straw yards;
outbreaks may also occur at pasture;
infection during the dry period important;
poor treatment succes rates (chronic cases);
clinical signs vary from acute to subclinical;
cow adapted strains exist;
gram pos

A

Strep. uberis

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19
Q

name the type of mastitis

disease of dry cows and heifers;
occurs at grass from may-aug;
mechanical transmission via head fly;
swollen, painful, hard, hot quarter;
thick clotted pus udder secretions;
most cases lead to permanent damage of the quarter

A

summer mastitis

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20
Q

name the 3 main bacteria involved in summer mastitis

A
  1. Trueperella pyogenes
  2. Peptostreptococcus indolicus
  3. Streptococcus dysgalactiae
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21
Q

name 5 parts of treatment for summer mastitits

A
  1. parenteral abx injections
  2. intramammary abx
  3. NSAID injections
  4. stripping of udder to remove pus/clots
  5. remove from other cows in group
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22
Q

name 4 parts in control of summer mastitis

A
  1. reduce exposure
  2. fly control
  3. sealing of teat canal
  4. dry cow therapy
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23
Q

name 2 chemicals produced in the milk to provide instrinsic defence mechanisms against mastitis

A
  1. Lactoferrin
  2. Lactoperoxidase
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24
Q

how long after milking does the teat canal close?

A

about 30min

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25
name 3 teat end defences cows have against mastitis
1. teat skin 2. teat canal barrier 3. teat canal closure
26
# name the bovine teat disease - risk factor for mastitis caused by several strains of Bovine papillomavirus; rice grain type or more florid projecting warts; self limiting in most cases; most common in heifers
papillomatosis (warts)
27
# name the bovine teat disease - risk factor for mastitis a disease of young cows/heifers mainly; can be outbreaks in autumn/winter; herd immunity seems to develop quickly; can cause significant problems during outbreak; symptomatic treatment with udder cream; diagnosis on signs or virus isolation from vesicle fluid
Herpes mammillitis
28
# name the bovine teat disease - risk factor for mastitis caused by parapoxvirus - related to viruses causing papular stomatitis in calves and orf in sheep; zoonotic; no specific treatment; relies on parlour hygiene and teat disinfection
psudocowpox
29
# name the bovine teat disease - risk factor for mastitis superficial bacterial skin infection; Staphylococci spp usually involved; may be associated with poor environmental conditions or skin trauma; clean, apply topical antiseptic cream
udder impetigo / necrotic dermatitis
30
# name the bovine teat disease - risk factor for mastitis mainly heifers close to calving; resolves when lactation starts; non-infectious; may require treatment if severe; may cause udder impetigo
udder oedema
31
# name the bovine teat disease - risk factor for mastitis sporadic - cows at pasture; normally primary (can be secondary to liver disease); non-pigmented skin affected; remove cow from sunlight; apply soothing teat creams until healing
photosensitisation
32
# name the bovine teat disease - risk factor for mastitis traumatic lesions caused by poor milking machine function or in beef cows from aggressive suckling; flies will exacerbate lesions; symptomatic topical treatment and remove cause
teat chaps / summer sores
33
# name the bovine teat disease - risk factor for mastitis caused by forces on teat end during milking; teat end scoring (various systems) used to measure degree of problem: normal, abnormal, no ring, smooth ring, rough ring, very rough ring, etc
teat end lesions (hyperkeratosis)
34
# name the bovine teat disease - risk factor for mastitis secondary infection with Fusibacterium necrophorum; usually due to poor hygiene and problems with milking machine; treat with topical antiseptic; review teat disinfection practices; check milking machine function
blackspot
35
name 2 subclinical signs of mastitis
1. somatic cell count (SCC) 2. bacteria
36
name 3 clincial signs of mastitits
1. changes in milk 2. changes in udder 3. systemic illness in the cow
37
what 3 clinical/subclinical signs will be seen in a clinical grade I case of mastitis
1. SCC 2. bacteria 3. changes in milk
38
what 4 clinical/subclinical signs will be seen in a clinical grade II case of mastitis
1. SCC 2. bacteria 3. changes in milk 4. changes in udder
39
what 5 clinical/subclinical signs will be seen in a clinical grade III case of mastitis
1. SCC 2. bacteria 3. changes in milk 4. changes in udder 5. systemic illness in cow
40
name 5 methods of detecting clinical mastitis
1. foremilking 2. palpation of udder 3. systemic illness in cow 4. in-line mastitis detectors 5. milk sock/filter
41
name 4 methods for detecting sub-clinical mastitis
1. somatic cell counts (SCC) 2. bactoscan 3. incr. in milk conductivity 4. measurement of acute phase proteins in milk
42
# name the method of detecting subclinical mastitis measurement of the number of cells in the milk (epithelial cells and WBCs)
Somatic Cell Counts (SCC)
43
name the 3 ways of measuring somatic cell counts (SCC)
1. automatic methods (Fossomatic method) 2. California Mastitis Test (CMT) 3. Whiteside test (NaOH)
44
individual cow SCC (ICSCC) below what value indicates healthy udder status?
below 200,000 cells/mL
45
milk yield drops by what percent for every increase in ICSS of 100,000 (above a base figure of 200,000)
2.5%
46
# name the method of detecting subclinical mastitis measurement of the total number of bacteria in the milk
Bactoscan
47
name 4 major sources of bacteria in milk
1. mastitis pathogens from the udder 2. environmental contamination 3. dirty milking plant 4. poor refrigeration of milk
48
how long following cessation of antibiotic treatment can samples be taken from clinical cases of mastitis to identify pathogens
7 days
49
what is the main 'treatment cost' for subclinical mastitis?
discarded milk
50
when should subclinical mastitis caused by Strep agalactiae be treated?
during lactation
51
when should subclinical mastitis caused by Staph aureus be treated?
during dry period
52
during what period is there a better chance of curing subclinical mastitis?
dry period
53
54
what is the treatment for grade I (mild) mastitis - milk changes only?
intramammary antibiotic tubes alone
55
what 4 things must be stated in the Herd Health Plan in relation to treating mastitis?
1. product to be used 2. length of treatment 3. milk withholding time 4. sampling for bacteriology
56
what is the treatment for grade II (moderate) mastitis - milk and udder changes? (3 parts)
1. intramammary antibiotic tubes 2. parenteral antibiotic therapy 3. NSAID therapy
57
# name the type of mastitis severe depression (recumbent); initial pyrexia then subnormal temp; diarrhoea; hard, hot swollen quarter; serum-coloured watery secretion; endotoxaemia; dehydration
coliform mastitis
58
what is the main treatment for coliform mastitits?
fluid therapy (3L 7.2% saline, 40L water orally)
59
name the 3 parts of treatment for coliform mastitis
1. fluid therapy 2. NSAIDs 3. quarter stripping & oxytocin
60
what temperature of water do cows prefer?
warm
61
name the 3 general principles of control of mastitis
1. reduce reservoirs of infection 2. reduce transmission/spread of infection 3. improve defence mechanisms
62
name the 6 point Mastitis Control Plan
1. regular milking machine maintenance 2. post-milking teat disinfection 3. dry cow therapy 4. prompt treatment and recording of clinical cases 5. culling of chronic cases 6. correct milking routine
63
name 5 ways the milking machine has an influence on the incidence of mastitits
1. act as fomite 2. damage to teat end 3. colonisation of teat canal 4. impact forces (liner slip) 5. overmilking
64
# what problem will the following cause for the cow? 1. overmilking (biphasic milk let down or incorrect ACR setting) 2. high tension & thick walled liners resulting in incr compressive load 3. high milk line pressure resulting in incr compressive load
teat end damage
65
# what problem will the following cause for the cow? 1. poor fitting liners exposing teat basse to higher pressures 2. low tension, thin walled &silicone liners resulting in reduced compressive load 3. low milk line pressure resulting in reduced compressive load 4. short d-phase resulting in reduced massage
oedema
66
name 4 aims of post-milking teat disinfection
1. removal of mastitis pathogens from teat skin 2. removal of bacteria from teat sores 3. reduces new infection rate 4. improving teat skin quality
67
name 3 aims of pre-milking teat disinfection
1. reduce contamination 2. reduce number of bacteria in the milk 3. reduce the incidence of environmental mastitis
68
name 2 pros of using internal teat sealants for dry cows
1. very effective at preventing new environmental infections 2. persist throughout dry period
69
name 3 problems with using internal teat sealants for dry cows
1. no effect on existing infections 2. infuse using strict asepsis 3. residues lead to 'blackspot' defect in cheese
70
name 3 problems with using external teat sealants on dry cows
1. lack of adherence 2. need to re-apply 3. no effect on existing infections
71
what percent cure rate of subclinical infections should you aim for by using antibiotics before the dry period
85% +
72
what is the minimum length of dry period for a cow?
8 weeks
73
how many cases of mastitis in the same quarter in a single lactation to recommend culling the cow?
3+
74
how many cases of mastitis in all quarters in a single lactation to recommend culling the cow?
5+
75
name the order the following groups of cows should be milked: low yielders, medium yielders, high yielders, high SCC counts, freshly-calved cows, cows with mastitis
1. freshly-calved cows 2. high yielders 3. medium yielders 4. low yielders 5. high SCC cows 6. cows with mastitis
76
what is the target BMSCC (bulk milk somatic cell count)
below 150,000
77
what is the target proportion of miling herd with ICSCC > 200,000/mL (individual cow somatic cell count)
below 10%
78
what is the target bactoscan for a dairy herd?
below 20,000
79
what is the target mastitis rate? (quarter cases per 100 cows per year)
below 20
80
80
81
what is the target summer mastitis rate?
below 2%
82
name 3 benefits of a mastitis control programme
1. incr milk revenue 2. decr replacement rates 3. reduced treatment of clinical cases
83
# name the value in bulk tank analysis total number of bacteria
bactoscan
84
# name the value in bulk tank analysis total number of viable bacteria
TBC
85
# name the value in bulk tank analysis bacteria which can withstand pasteurisation
thermoduric count (LPC)
86
# name the value in bulk tank analysis measure of environmental contamination
coliform counts
87
# name the value in bulk tank analysis bacteria which grow at 2-10°C commonly found in dust
psychotroph indicator value
88
name the 4 main sources of bacteria in milk
1. dirty milking plant 2. mastitis pathogens from the udder 3. environmental contamination 4. poor refirgeration of milk

Y4 Farm Animal (19 decks)

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