repro Flashcards
CA45-54 (195 cards)
1
Q
what is the normal gestation of a cow
A
280-285 days
2
Q
60-70% of pregnancies in cattle are in which uterine horn?
A
right horn
3
Q
will pregnancy in a cow be ipsilateral or contralateral to the CL
A
ipsilateral
4
Q
what are most twin pregnancies in cows due to?
A
double ovulation
5
Q
this attachment occurs only between placental cotyledons and uterine caruncles
A
cotyledonary
6
Q
these are the functional result of the cotyledonary attachment between placental cotyledons and unterine caruncles;
can be palpated beyond 3 months gestation
A
placentomes
7
Q
this is the key source of progesterone until 120-150 days of pregnancy
A
corpus luteum (CL)
8
Q
what can pregnancy in a cow be terminated with up to day 120-150
A
prostaglandin
9
Q
what are the 2 sources of progesterone beyond day 150 of pregnancy
A
- adrenals
- placenta
10
Q
name 4 possible consequences of foetal death in utero in a cow
A
- abortion with no associated problems
- foetal mummification
- foetal maceration
- pyometra
11
Q
what injection can be given to a cow to try and treat mummification of a foetus
A
prostaglandin
12
Q
name the abnormality of foetal fluids
associated with foetal abnormality (rarely diagnosed)
A
hydramnios
13
Q
name the abnormality of foetal fluids
more common, associated with placental abnormalities;
sudden onset of distension in last 2 months of gestation;
can progress rapidly
A
hydrallantois
14
Q
how to confirm hydrallantois in a cow?
A
rectal palpation, ultrasound
15
Q
what is hydrocephalus a result of?
A
abnormal CSF circulation
16
Q
name the reproductive issue in cattle
genetic defect in aryshires;
can occur in any breed;
grossly swollen foetus due to SQ fluids;
can cause difficult dystocia
A
foetal anasarca
17
Q
what is the best method of retaining a replaced prolapsed cervix/vagina in cattle?
A
Buhner suture
18
Q
what sutures are needed for a rectal prolapse in a cow?
A
Buhner then purse string
19
Q
what is the usual aetiology of vaginal/uterine tears?
A
dystocia
(excessive traction)
20
Q
what is the treatment for a vaginal/uterine tear?
A
clamp vessel or apply pressure
(suturing not normally possible)
21
Q
what can be used to prevent vaginal/uterine tears?
A
episiotomy
22
Q
name the postpartum cow issue
normally associated with prolonged parturition due to oversize calf;
may occur after traction or unassisted delivery;
cows may have hypocalcaemia;
A
uterine prolapse
23
Q
what is the treatment for a uterine prolapse?
A
replace uterus with manual pressure
(ensure fully everted)
24
Q
name 3 medications that should be given to treat a cow with uterine prolapse
A
- systemic antibiotic
- steroid/NSAID
- oxytocin
25
# name the postpartum cow issue
caused by large calf/dystocia;
can be mild-severe;
damage to nerves arisin from lumbo-sacral plexus
pelvic nerve damage
26
what 2 nerves are most as risk for pelvic nerve damage in a cow due to large calf/dystocia
obturator and gluteal nerves
27
how long does it take for complete uterine involution following calving?
4-6 weeks
28
name 6 factors affecting the rate of uterine involution in cattle
1. parity
2. retained foetal membranes
3. metritis
4. twins
5. hypocalcaemia/selenaemia
6. dystocia/trauma
29
this is the term for normal post-partum discharge
lochia
30
animals that have an abnormally enlarged uterus and a purulent uterine dischare detectable in the vagina within 21 days after parturition are classified as having this disease
metritis
31
# name the grade of metritis
enlarged uterus and a purulent uterine dischare but no pyrexia/illness
grade 1
32
# name the grade of metritis
'puerperal metritis'
overt systemic illness (decr milk yield, fever >39.5°C, reduced appetite)
grade 2
33
# name the grade of metritis
'toxaemic metritis'
signs of toxaemia (cold extremities, dullness);
normally within 7 days of calving;
anorexia, milk drop, pyrexia, foul smelling discharge
grade 3
34
name 3 parts of treatment for grade 3 metritis
1. systemic abx 3-5 days
2. NSAID
3. IV fluids (hypertonic saline)
35
name 3 secondary diseases that may develop in a cow with grade 3 metritis
1. hypocalcaemia
2. ketosis
3. LDA
36
# name the postpartum issue in cows
the presence of a purulent dischare detectable in the vagina 21 days or more post partum
OR mucopurulent discharge after 26 days post partum
clinical endometritis
37
how to diagnose endometritis?
examine contents of vagina
38
name 4 risk factors for endometritis in cows
1. dystocia
2. dirty calving boxes
3. delay in cyclicity
4. fatty liver syndrome
39
name 3 treatments for endometritis in a cow
1. prostaglandin injection
2. intrauterine antibiotic
3. antiseptic wash out
40
is oestradiol benzoate injection for treatment of endometritis in cows licensed in the UK?
NO
41
# name the postpartum issue in cows
accumulation of purulent material within the uterine lumen in the presence of a corpus luteum and a closed cervix
pyometra
42
what is the treatment for pyometra in cows
PGF (prostaglandin F)
43
name the 3 stages of parturition
1. preparatory (2-6h)
2. foetal expulsion (1-2h)
3. expulsion of placenta (2-8h)
44
# name the stage of parturition
restlesness, separate from herd, water bag expelled at the end of stage
stage 1: preparatory (2-6h)
45
# name the stage of parturition
calf delivery completed
stage 2: foetal expulsion (1-2h)
46
# name the stage of parturition
1. cotyledon-caruncle attachments relax
2. uterine contractions expel membranes
stage 3: expulsion of placenta (2-8h)
47
how long must foetal membranes be retained post-partum to be considered 'retained foetal membranes'
more than 12h
48
# name the condition
caused by:
- failure of normal separtaion of foetal cotyledonary villi from maternal caruncles
and/or
- primary uterine inertia
retained foetal membranes
49
name 4 predisposing factors for retained foetal membranes in cattle
1. premature parturition
2. oedema of chorionic villi from trauma
3. pathological inflammation
4. uterine inertia
50
# name the predisposing factor for retained foetal membranes
immature placentomes not ready for separation;
twin calvings;
late abortions;
induced births
premature parturition
51
# name the predisposing factor for retained foetal membranes
dystocia;
caesarean;
uterine torsion
oedema of chorionic villi from trauma
52
# name the predisposing factor for retained foetal membranes
placentitis caused by abortion agent
eg. bacillus lichenformis
pathological inflammation
53
# name the predisposing factor for retained foetal membranes
hypocalcaemia;
low selenium;
hydrops;
twins
uterine inertia
54
name 2 possible sequelae of retained foetal membranes
1. spontaneous expulsion in 5-10d
2. may develop acute metritis
55
name 5 treatment options for retained foetal membranes in a cow
1. manual removal (often contraindicated)
2. ecbolic drugs (unlikely to help unless 1° uterine inertia)
3. intrauterine antibiotic pessaries
4. systemic antibiotics
5. PGF2⍺ injection after 3-4wks
56
# name the reproductive condition in cattle
fluid filled structure >2.5cm in diameter present for >10d on one or both ovaries in absence of corpus luteum;
often 2nd and 3rd lactation high yielding cows;
consequences: delay in normal cyclicity causes extension of calving-conception interval (20-60dd)
cystic ovarian follicles
57
# name the type of ovarian cyst
thin walled;
no progesterone produced;
plasma P > 1 ng/mL
follicular cyst
58
# name the type of ovarian cyst
thicker walled;
progesterone producing;
plasma P > 1 ng/mL
luteal cyst
59
what is the consequence of failure of LH surge around time of ovulation or failure of follicle to respond to LH
ovarian cyst
60
name the 3 main causes of ovarian cysts in cattle
1. management stress (cortisol release)
2. energy stress (NEB)
3. heat stress
61
name 3 clinical signs of a follicular cyst in cattle
1. majprity anoestrus
2. some show irregular and recurrent oestrus
3. raised tail, slack ligaments?
62
what is the clinical sign of a luteal cyst in cattle?
anoestrus
63
how to accurately determine ovarian cyst type in a cow?
ultrasound
64
what is the best treatment for a luteal cyst?
prostaglandin (PG)
65
what are the 2 best treatment options for a follicular cyst
1. GnRH injection
2. PRID/CIDR for 10-12d
66
how many follicular waves are more common in heifers and beef cows
(and moderately yielding grassland base dairy cows) ?
3 follicular waves
67
# cows or heifers?
have bigger CLs
cows
68
# cows or heifers?
have higher P4 levels
heifers
69
90% of dairy cows resume cyclicity by this many days postpartum
50 days
70
what percent of beef cows resume cyclicity by 50 days postpartum (pp)
70%
71
when is the first postpartum ovulation in dairy cows typically?
between 20-30d
72
when is the first postpartum ovulation in beef cows typically?
20-60d
73
what pulse frequency must be sufficient in order for the first dominant follicle post-partum to persist and not fail
LH
74
what hormone stimulates waves of follicles following calving and low progesterone levels?
FSH
75
is oestrus behaviour seen in the first ovulation post-partum in cows ?
no, "silent"
76
what is the key hormone controlling return to cyclicity in cows?
LH
77
name 5 things which influence LH secretion post-partum
1. P4 in the cyclic cow
2. declinine negative energy balance
3. health status
4. suckling
5. maternal bond/calf presence
78
name 4 factors affecting the post-partum anoestrus period
1. season
2. nutrition
3. disease
4. suckling
79
severe deficiency of this trace element may depress fertility of cows via LH effects, poor oestrus expression, etc
copper deficiency
| (with excess molybdenum)
80
being suckled causes release of what hormone which suppreses LH?
endorphin
81
name 2 treatment options for anoestrus in a cow
1. progesterone Tx (PRID or CIDR)
2. GnRH injection
82
this is the pulsatile release of PGF2⍺ from the endometrium towards the end of the luteal phase
luteolysis
83
this is the physiological mechanism by which the conceptus inhibits luteolysis by altering PGF2⍺ synthesis and/or secretion
maternal recognition of pregnancy
84
administration of what hormone induces luteolysis
PGF2⍺
85
what is the net effect of conceptus interferon - tau production?
maintain the inhibition of the oxytocin receptor
86
what might giving GnRH injection on day of AI do?
improve pregnancy rates
| (causes LH surge & ovulation synchronous with AI)
87
what might giving GnRH mid-cycle (10-12d post service) do?
reduce early embryonic death by 10%
| (prevents luteolysis in some cows)
88
this is a cow that fails to concieve following 3 or more consecutive serves at normal inter-oestrus intervals
repeat breeder cow
89
name 5 causes of repeat breeding
1. chance
2. genetics
3. undiagnosed pathology
4. oocyte/embryo quality
5. herd management
90
name 4 things that are required for good dairy cow fertility efficiency
1. get cows cycling after calving
2. get cows served in good time after calving
3. get cows submitted for service
4. get cows to concieve
91
how long is a cow's gestation
282d
92
how much of the herd must be included for a predicted calving interval
75%
93
what is the target calving interval for a block calving herd
365 days
94
for most herds, what is the target calving interval?
365-385d
95
this is the number of pregnancies divided by number of services
conception rate
96
what is the target conception rate for cattle
50%
97
this is the percentage of cows in calf by 100 days after calving;
equivalent to calving - conception interval;
target over 50%
100 day in-calf rate
98
this is the precentage of cows NOT in calf by 200 days after calving;
similar to culling rate for not in calf;
target under 10%
200 day in-calf rate
99
this is the percentage of cows eligible to become pregnant in a given time frame, that do actually become pregnant;
usually use 3 week timeframe
21-day pregnancy risk
100
what is the average cost per day over a 365 day target calving interval
£4
101
name 4 categories of female infertiklity causes in cows
1. anatomical
2. infectious
3. functional
4. management
102
name 4 management causes of femal infertility in cows
1. poor oestrus detection
2. poor timing of AI
3. nutrition
4. stress
103
this is failure of fusion of the cervix/uterine body
uterine diadelphis
104
# name the anatomical cause of infertility in cows
placental anastomosis in 90% of bovine twins;
hormones, blood cells and other cells cross;
testosterone and male cells cause masculinisation of female twin;
variable clinical signs:
enlarged clitoris/tuft of hair, vagina 30-100% normal length, hypoplastic gonads, uterus difficult to palpate
freemartinism
105
# name the anatomical cause of infertility in cows
infection or non-infectious;
leads to obstruction of oviduct;
subfertility, hydrosalpinx, pyosalpinx;
diagnosis by rectal exam and tests for tubal patency
sapingitis
106
# name the anatomical cause of infertility in cows
caused by cystic ovarian disease or persistant CL;
diagnosis with history, rectal, ultrasound;
must treat underlying condition
mucometra/hydrometra
107
name the 3 routes of uterine infections during pregnany for cows
1. resident flora of reproductive tract during pregnancy
2. transplacental
3. haematogenous
108
# name the infectious cause of infertility in cows
gram negative spiral;
natural habitat: prepuce, glans penis, distal urethra;
service can lead to mechanical transmission;
mild endometritis/cervicitis, mucopurulent vaginal discharge, repeat breeder, embryonic death
Campylobacter
| (C foetus var venerealis)
109
how to diagnose Campylobacter as cause of infertility in femal cows
isolation of bacteria from post-service washes
110
how to diagnose Campylobacter as cause of infertility in male bulls
isolation of bacterial from preputial washings
111
# name the infectious cause of infertility in cows
mouldy hay, feed, silage;
similar to mycotic abortion (placenta dry, leathery, yellowish brown);
control: feed & bedding, overcrowding, ventilation
Bacillus licheniformis
112
# name the infectious cause of infertility in cows
most are sporatic abortions;
control: accination, eliminate active carriers..
zoonoses regulations
Salmonellosis
| (S. dublin)
113
# name the infectious cause of infertility in cows
ubiquitous, zoonosis (CNS disease rarely occurs at same time);
silage feeding
Listeriosis
114
# name the infectious cause of infertility in cows
secondary invader;
no systemic disease;
suppurative lesions in foetus and placenta
T. pyogenes
115
# name the infectious cause of infertility in cows
infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) - resp disease, milk drop, repro disease;
venereal: natural service causing infectious pustular vulvo-vaginitis, AI causing repeat breeder/endometritis;
nonvenereal: AI causes repeat breeder, after month 2 causes abortion, late pregnancy causes stillborn or non-viable calves
Bovine Herpes Virus 1 (BHV1)
116
# name the infectious cause of infertility in cows
protozoan of cattle, sheep and goats;
definitive host: dogs;
important cause of abortion worldwide
Neospora caninum
117
# name the infectious cause of infertility in cows
Aspergillus, Absidia;
spradic, up to 10% of herd;
ingested/inhaled spores enter bloodstream, germinate at foetal/maternal junction, cause endometritis and placentitis;
may cause resp disease;
thickened leathery allantochorion, cotyledons necrotic
mycotic abortion
118
for the Brucellosis order, who must be informed of all abortions (<271 days)
they instruct the vet regarding testing and allows disposal of aborte material by incineration
AHDO
119
what 3 options for samples should be collected for testing cause of abortions
1. whole foetus
2. placenta with cotyledons, lesions and normal tissue
3. blood sample
120
what is the minimum data required for record keeping in a dairy herd (4 things)
1. cow ID
2. fertility data (calving date, services)
3. veterinary data (fertility treatments, diagnosis of problems)
4. future actions (service, PD)
121
when should post-natal checks routinely be carried out in problem cows?
21 days after calving
122
# name the classification of the cow
no visible heat by 42d calved;
no service by 63d calved;
no visible heat by 2-3wks after veterinary treatment
oestrus not observed (ONO) / not seen bulling (NSB)
123
when can pregnancy diagnosis in a cow be done with ultrasound?
30d after service
124
when can pregnancy diagnosis in a cow be done with manual palpation?
6-8 weeks after service
125
# name the method of pregnancy diagnosis in cattle
milk test;
carryover effect for 60d after calving;
levels rise from 35-40d after insemination;
levels persist after abortion/EED;
cost approx £3.50 per sample
pregnancy associated glycoproteins (PAGs)
126
name 7 cow factors affecting heat detection
1. energy balance
2. lameness
3. general health
4. repro tract
5. calving difficulties
6. uterine involution
7. uterine infection
127
name 4 environmental factors affecting heat detection
1. temperature
2. ventilation
3. footing
4. grouping strategy
128
name 6 people factors affecting heat detection
1. knowledge of heat signs
2. heat checks per day
3. time of day
4. length of time checking
5. person checking
6. recording of heats
129
how many periods and for how long should cows be observed for signs of oestrus
3 periods of 0.5h during the day
130
name 3 important characteristics of heat detection aids for cows
1. simple
2. robust
3. accurate
131
# name the heat detection aid
cheap and easy to apply;
removed when cow is bulling and/or disturbed;
disadv: poor weather can wash off, false positives
tail head chalk and paint
132
# name the heat detection aid
KaMar, Bovine Beacon, Estrus Alert;
electronic detector;
applied to top of pelvis;
activated when cow mounted;
false positives (back scratchers, cubicles)
heat mount detectors
133
# name the heat detection aid
use of vasectomised bulles or hormone treated animals;
use a chin ball roller to mark the cows;
best heat detector;
BUT: cost and hassle of keeping bull, spread of disease, needs to work
teaser animals
134
name 2 advantages of using bulls (natural service)
1. should be good at both heat detection and getting cows in calf
2. use as a sweeper after AI
135
name 5 disadvantages of using bulls (natural service)
1. cost and hassle of keeping bull
2. needs to work properly (lameness)
3. spread of disease
4. no genetic improvement
5. get fat on milking cow TMR
136
# name the heat detection aid
device that records activity of cow;
cow activity will increase 4 fold during oestrus;
attached to neck collar or leg;
incorporated into parlour computer system
pedometers
137
# name the test
determine non-pregnancy at 19-24 days after service;
if low then definitely not in calf - serve 2-3d later;
if high then pregnant, variation in cycle length, persistent CL, or luteal cyst
milk progesterone test
138
# name the term
calving difficulty resulting from prolonged stage 2 or prolonged assisted calving
dystocia
139
what are the 3 P's that should be assessed for a calving
1. presentation
2. position
3. posture
140
what should the presentation of a calf be during calving?
longitudinal anterior
141
what should the position of a calf be during calving?
dorsal
142
what should the posture of a calf be during calving?
extended head, neck and forelimbs
143
name 3 things that can be assessed in the calf to help determine if its dead or alive during calving
1. withdrawal reflex
2. tongue movement
3. anal sphincter tone
144
how long after appearance of membranes should you interfere with a calving cow if NO progression
30-60min
145
how long after appearance of membranes should you interfere with a calving heifer if NO progression
60-90min
146
this form of anaesthesia reduces vaginal sensation and therefore reduces straining
epidural anaesthesia
147
where should caudal epidural anaesthesia be placed?
at 'hinge joint'
(intercoccygeal space or sacrococcygeal space)
148
# name the pharmaceutical aid
uncertain mechanism of action;
relaxation of birth canal tissues (cervix and vagina);
useful for incomplete cervical dilation;
intramuscular injection and effect seen after 30-40min
Denaverine (Sensiblex)
149
# name the pharmaceutical aid
B2 agonist - smooth muscle relaxation;
uterine muscle relaxation;
given IV - rapid;
useful for manipulation and correction of foetal malpresentation
Clenbuterol (Planipart)
150
# name the procedure for an uncorrectable calving position
cutting up the foetus in utero;
performed if foetus too large to deliver and/or presentation not able to be corrected;
cases of hip lock in which foetal rotation doesn't allow delivery;
can ONLY be performed on dead calf
foetotomy
151
name 3 pros of a foetotomy for an uncorrectable calving position
1. safer than caesarean if calf decomposing/emphysematous
2. avoids abdo surgery risk and recovery
3. can sometimes be quicker than caesarian
152
name 4 cons of foetotomy for an uncorrectable calving position
1. can lead to death of cow if soft tissues damaged during procedure
2. physically difficult/demanding
3. sometimes requires mutiple sections to be made
4. requires experience for some presentations
153
what anaesthesia should be given before performing a foetotomy
caudal epidural
154
this can be placed in the eye sockets of the calf to aid in traction during a foetotomy and removing the head if needed
Kray hook
155
name 3 options for correction of uterine torsion
1. rotating calf in utero
2. caesarean section
3. cast and rotate cow (plank technique)
156
# name the option for correcting uterine torsion
only possible with mild degree of torsion and open cervix (need to be able to touch the foetus);
foetus held by bony prominence (head, shoulder, etc);
de-torsion rods can be used to manipulate foetus
rotating calf in utero
157
# name the option for correcting uterine torsion
useful if calf cannot be manipulated;
roll cow around its static foetus/uterus (legs of calf held in place per vagina);
laid in lateral recumbency on same side to direction of torsion;
cow is rolled over rapidly in same direction as twist
rotating cow
158
# name the option for correcting uterine torsion
wooden plank to hold the foetus and uterus in place as cow is rolled;
cow in lateral recumbency with plank on top of her, wood lying over top the uterus, lower end of plank resting on ground, assistant stands on lower end as cow is being rolled
plank technique of rotating cow
159
where should the surgical approach for a caesaeran section in cow be done?
left flank standing
160
where should the surgical approach for a caesaeran section in sheep be done?
lateral recumbency
161
# name the local anaesthetic technique
pros: quick and easy, haemostasis
cons: maceration of muscle, poor healing, cannot extend incision, incomplete anaesthesia of peritoneum
line block
162
# name the local anaesthetic technique
pros: quick and easy
cons: large volume of local, incomplete anaesthesia of deep muscle layers and peritoneum
inverted L block
163
# name the local anaesthetic technique
pros: blocks all muscle layers and peritoneum, low volume local required, easy to see when flank anaesthetised
cons: more difficult technique, cow may be more unsteady, vasodilation may lead to incr haemorrhage
paravertebral
164
where should you clip a cow for a caesarean section
from transverse process to ventrum,
caudal rib to tuber coxae
165
name 3 signs of proper local anaesthesia before starting a caesarean section
1. scoliosis of spine (if parvertebral block used)
2. flaccidity of skin/muscle
3. no response to needle
166
name the 2 steps of locating and exteriorising the usterus during a caesarian section if the calf is in normal presentation
1. locate hindlimbs and pull calf up to incision site by grasping foot and hock
2. incise over greater curvture of uterus using scissors from foot to hock
167
name the 3 steps of locating and exteriorising the usterus during a caesarian section if the calf is in presented with back towards surgeon
1. one hand under uterus and pull the metatarsus/carpus towards you
2. back of calf simultaneously pushed away with other hand
3. uterus and calf turned around longitudinal axis
168
name the 3 steps of locating and exteriorising the usterus during a caesarian section if the calf is heavy in posterior presentation OR you are unable to turn calf
1. pull calf as near to wound as possible
2. incise uterus dorsally inside abdomen with guarded blade
3. reach in for feet and pull up to wound + extend incision
169
name the 3 suture options for suturing the uterus after a caesarian section in a cow
1. Catgut
2. Vicryl
3. PDS
170
what type of needle shsould be used to suture the uterus following a caesarian section in a cow
round bodied
171
what suturing pattern should be used to suture the uterus following a caesarian section in a cow
continuous inverting pattern
172
what type of suture should be used to close the muscle layers following a caesarian section in a cow
catgut
173
what suturing pattern should be used to close the muscle layers following a caesarian section in a cow
continuous or cruciate pattern
174
what type of suture material should be used to close the skin following a caesarian section in a cow
nylon
(non-absorbable material)
175
name 3 possible complications with a caesarian section in a cow
1. cow goes down
2. uterine tears
3. postop complications
176
name 3 causes of uterine prolapse in a cow
1. abdominal straining
2. weight attached membranes
3. partial invagination of distal uterus
177
name 2 risk factors for uterine prolapse in a cow
1. decr uterine tone
2. manual extraction of calf and membranes
178
what 4 drugs should be given to the cow post-procedure of fixing a uterine prolapse
1. NSAID
2. abx cover
3. oxytocin
4. calcium IV or SQ
179
name 4 possible complications follwoing a uterine prolapse in cattle
1. haemorrhage from uterine artery
2. uterine tears
3. necrosis
4. infection/peritonitis
180
# name the type of suture
strong, secure suture through vaginal sub-cut tissue;
prevents re-prolapse;
allows time for inflamed cervical tissue to settle down;
must be removed before lambing!
Buhner suture
181
name 3 drugs to give a sheep post-procedure of a vaginal prolapse
1. NSAID
2. corticosteroid (not if still pregnant)
3. abx cover
182
approximately how many spermatozoa per artificial insemination in cattle?
6-7 million
183
what is the current average conception rates in dairy cows?
35%
184
name 4 breeding companies that are sources of semen for AI in cattle
1. genus
2. cogent
3. semex
4. worldwide sires
185
how long and at what temperature should semen be thawed at for AI (commonly)?
40s at 37 degrees
186
name the 3 basic steps of artificial insemination technique in cattle
1. positioning of gun in uterine body
2. deposit semen
3. withdraw gun
187
is a Farm Sotrage License required for anyone storing and using processed semen?
not anymore
188
how long after synchronisation progestagen sponge removal should sheep be inseminated with AI methods
56 h after removal
189
where should semen be deposited for AI of sheep
just inside the cervix
190
what is the current conception rate of sheep from AI?
~70%
191
name 3 problems that make cervical AI difficult in sheep
1. handling of sheep
2. unable to deposit semen in uterus
3. unable to use frozen semen
192
how to inseminate sheep using intrauterine AI?
laparascopically
193
what BCS do you want a heifer to have to recieve an embryo transfer
2-2.5
194
what BCS do you want a cow to have to recieve an embryo transfer
2.5-3
195
at least how many weeks calved do you want a cow to be to recieve an embryo transfer
at least 8 weeks calved
