MATERIALS - MASONRY

Question 1

composition of MORTAR

Answer 1

Mixture of cement, lime, sand and water (usually portland cement)

Question 2

mortar type M

Answer 2

2500 psi - heavy loads, BELOW GRADE, retaining AND FOUNDATION WALLS

Question 3

mortar type S

Answer 3

1800 psi - MEDIUM HIGH STRENGTH, at and below grade, WHERE BOND AND LATERAL Strength IS MORE IMPORTANT THEN COMPRESSIVE STR

Question 4

mortar type N

Answer 4

750 psi - MEDIUM STENGHTH , common, exterior above grade

Question 5

mortar type O

Answer 5

350 psi - non-loadbearing, historic structures

Question 6

mortar type K

Answer 6

VERY LOW STRENGTH , INTERIOR, NON-LOADBEARING

Question 7

DIFFERNCE Grout and mortar

Answer 7

Grout is used to fill the gaps between tiles. Mortar is the adhesive that attaches tiles to the floors and walls. Mortar often contains hydrated lime; grout usually contains little if any hydrated lime.

Question 8

Face brick TYPE FBX

Answer 8

Minimum Variance In Size And Color

Question 9

Face brick TYPE FBS

Answer 9

wider color range permitted

Question 10

Face brick TYPE FBA

Answer 10

non-uniformity

Question 11

Brick Grade SW

Answer 11

exposure to Severe weathering and ground

Question 12

Brick Grade MW

Answer 12

exposure to Moderate weathering

Question 13

Brick Grade NW

Answer 13

exposure to Negligible weathering - interior

Question 14

CMU GRADE N

Answer 14

load bearing above and below grade

Question 15

CMU GRADE S

Answer 15

load bearing, limited to above grade

Question 16

Igneous rocks

Answer 16

from solidification of molten rock. Granite

granite is strong and can be used underground

Question 17

Sedimentary rocks

Answer 17

consists of consolidated products of rock disintegration, seashells, and various clays and silts. Sandstone Lime stone

Limestone is porous, does poorly in polluted air

Question 18

Metamorphic rocks

Answer 18

formed of either Igneous or sedimentary rocks that have been altered by pressure or intrusion of molten rock or other liquids over a long period of time. Marble Slate

Question 19

BRICK SIZE NOMINAL AND ACTUAL`

Answer 19

NOMINAL: 4 X 2.5 X 8

ACTUAL: 3-5/8 X 2-1/4 X 7-5/8 WITH 3/8 MORTAR JOINT 3 COURSES WITH MORATR COME UP TO 8”

Question 20

Paving Brick - SX Grade

Answer 20

Severe Xposure Resistant to frost/freeze and thaw, used for paving, high install cost

Question 21

Paving Brick - MX Grade

Answer 21

Moderate Xposure Not recommended for saturated applications, Only use for paving in dry or well draining areas

Question 22

Paving Brick - NX Grade

Answer 22

No Xposure Not suitable for paving purposes

Question 23

HOW LONG CAN MORTAR BE MIXED BEFORE HAVING TO DISCARD IT?

Answer 23

If mortar is mixed less than 90 minutes prior to its stiffening it has only dried and a mason can safely retemper it with water to make it workable again (note, this is not the case with concrete!)

Mortar older than 2 1/2 hours must be discarded because it has begun to hydrate and can’t be retempered without reducing its final strength

Question 24

Stretcher

Answer 24

• Stretcher: a brick laid with its face parallel to the wall and its long dimensions horizontal

Question 25

Header

Answer 25

Header: a brick laid to bond two wythes together

Question 26

Solider

Answer 26

Solider: brick laid on its end with its face (long skinny side) parallel to the wall

Question 27

Sailor

Answer 27

Sailor: brick laid on its side with its end parallel to the wall

Question 28

• Running bond

Answer 28

• Running bond: entirely of stretchers

Question 29

• English Bond:

Answer 29

• English Bond: alternates course of headers and stretchers

Question 30

• Common Bond

Answer 30

• Common Bond: header course every sixth course, head joints are aligned

Question 31

• Flemish Bond

Answer 31

• Flemish Bond: alternates headers and stretchers in each course

Question 32

Strap anchors:

Answer 32

Strap anchors: galvanized steel attachment

Question 33

Dovetail anchors:

Answer 33

Dovetail anchors: splayed tenon that fits into the recess of a corresponding mortise

Question 34

Cramp anchors:

Answer 34

Cramp anchors: used under coping stones at vertical joints to tie 2 stones together

Question 35

Pin anchor:

Answer 35

Pin anchor: anchor placed into a drilled hole and a pin is hammered in

Question 36

Threaded dowel:

Answer 36

Threaded dowel: used at vertical/horizontal joints between panels to align and maintain distance between panel and backup structure

Question 37

External Flashings:

Answer 37

External Flashings: prevent moisture from penetrating into the masonry wall

where the wall intersects the roof
• At the intersection of a flat roof and wall parapet it’s constructed in tow overlappin parts, a base flashing and a counterflahsing or cap flashing

• Allows for some movement between the wall and roof components
• Base flashing should be turned up for at least 8” tall

Question 38

Internal (Concealed) Flashings:

Answer 38

Internal (Concealed) Flashings: catch water that has penetrated a masonry wall and drain it through weep holes to the outdoors

Required at every location where the cavity is interrupted (e.g.: window heads, door heads, window sills, shelf angles, spandrel beams)

Installed by masons that construct the wall

Should be turned up 6” - 9” at the interior face of the wall

Should penetrate at least 2” into the interior wythe

Can be made of sheet metal, plastic, elastomeric compounds, or composite material.

• Sheet metal is the most durable and most expensive
• Copper and stainless steel is best
• Galvanized steel eventually rusts and disintegrates
• Aluminum and lead are unsuitable because they react chemically with mortar

• Plastics re the least expensive, some are good, some are bad.

Question 39

Increasing mortar flow

Answer 39

Increased mortar flow also increases mortar’s bond strength because the wetter the mortar the more it can fill in the pores.

Question 40

Increasing portland cement in mixture?

Answer 40

Increasing portland cement in mixture, increases the compressive strength of the mortar. Decreasing Portland cement therefore decreases the compressive strength but doesn’t necessarily mean an increase in the flow or water content.