Maternal

Question 1

Functions of parental behaviour

Answer 1

build immunity
protecction
nutrition
teaching
provision with inaccessible resourses

Question 2

Why do we care?

Answer 2

avoid interence
aid managment
care for reected youn

Question 3

parity

Answer 3

the state of condition of being equal

Question 4

primiparous

Answer 4

bearing young for the first time

Question 5

epimiletic

Answer 5

care giver

Question 6

et-epimiletic

Answer 6

care seeking behaviour

Question 7

concaveation

Answer 7

behaviour that triggers maternal behaviour

Question 8

Isolation in pigs

Answer 8

seek isolation to reduce vulnerability from predators and conspecifics
can be stressful if can’t fulfill

Question 9

Social grouping of mares

Answer 9

those who had just given births stay close together and far away from the rest of the group

Question 10

Nest site selection in cats

Answer 10

moved kitten far away after birth then moved closer to food supply
cats in communal groups moved kittens moreoften than solitary cats to avoid cannibalism but toms

Question 11

endocrinology of pregnancy

Answer 11

oestradiol elevated in preg priming effect
progesterone spikes then decreases just before parturition
porlactin rises before parturition
rabbits- bromocriptine in late preg disrupts nest building behaviour and abolishes maternal

Question 12

other disruptions

Answer 12

hormones
stress
day length
sign stimuli

Question 13

licking

Answer 13

initial stimulation to clear membranes, dry, bond, eliminative behaviour, ingesting faeces to keep nest clean triggers eating behaviour

Question 14

Nursing-tolerate/assisting nursing

Answer 14

passive immunity and regular nutrition

Question 15

Innate or learnt

Answer 15

breed differences in maternal behaviour in sheep
differing levels of estradiol
experience lowers the chances off rejection, lamb-directed aggression and suckling refusals

Question 16

imprinting

Answer 16

social bonding, social support
2 way process
sensitive periods
chick and ewes- houurs after birth
hen and lambs- days after birth

Question 17

stages of dog development

Answer 17

birth-2weeks limited sensory and motor capacity but rapid neuroloigcal dev (handling 5mins+ a day will improve later confidence)
2-3 weeks- eyes and ears open begin to walk and leave nest
3-12 weeks- primary attachments- independent of associated rewards/punishments
3-8 months- reinforcement of social bonds needed

Question 18

first milk provides

Answer 18

energy
warmth
local gut protection
PASSIVE IMMUNITY

Question 19

maternal pheromones

Answer 19

DAP adaptil for dogs

PAP for pigs

Question 20

nursing freq

Answer 20

kittens- 3-4hrs per day
pigs- every 40mins, 20s
rabbits- oncer per day, 3-4mins
foals twice per hour, 1min
sheep- once per hour for 1 min
calves, 6 times a day for 10min

Question 21

Trivers-Willard hypothesis

Answer 21

investment in offspring depends on future breeding potential of offspring and the compromise to future breeding potential of mother

Question 22

Pal (2004) parental care in free-ranging dogs

Answer 22

6 mothers
4 male parents in contact with litters as guard dog for first 6-8 weeks
protected in absence of mothers
one male fed by regurgitation

Question 23

effects of domestication

Answer 23

selection for/against
changes in body form
earlier breeding
changed breeding season
effect of increased con-specific breeding
modified early experience
changed parturition environment
changed lactation environment
early weaning

Question 24

Rejection reasons

Answer 24

primarous
genetics
premature human intervention
pain/stress
low levels of progesterone
not normal delivery

Question 25

Rejection issues

Answer 25

``` no passive immunity increase morbidity hypothermia starvation poor growth poor social integration food neophobia long term personality disorders aggression ```

Question 26

treatments

Answer 26

hormone treatment hand rearing fostering

Question 27

Kendrick et al (1997) sheep and oxytocin

Answer 27

increased activity in oxytocin neurons aided maternal behaviour and facilitates changes in olfactory processing to enable rapid recognition

Question 28

Kendrick & Keverne (1994)

Answer 28

vaginocervical stimulation in sheep can evoke rapid onset of maternal behaviours

Question 29

Canteras et al (2003)

Answer 29

morphine inhibits m behaviour in rats

Question 30

Jensen et al (1999) differences between domesticated and wild sows

Answer 30

no diff in nest building domestic sows allowed piglet to massage udder for longer after milk ejection in first week and wild in second wild type terminated more nursings in second week 3rd week domestics lie down and more less freq of nose contact lower in d observed diffs indicate d sows have adapted to life in human protection

Question 31

White & Scogging (2014) various methods available for foal rejection including;

Answer 31

physical and or chemical restraint behaviour modification hormone therapy surrogation used when the dam experiences illness, death or outright rejection which can negatively effect foal