Maternal physiological changes in pregnancy

Question 1

what does pregnancy cause

Answer 1

causes major physiological changes to the mother’s body

Question 2

why are the major physiological changes to the mother body important

Answer 2

The changes are not only important for coping with the increased metabolic demands of the pregnancy, but also to meet the developmental needs of the fetus and to allow mother and fetus to survive the demands of childbirth

Question 3

what is the principle hormone of pregnancy

Answer 3

progesterone

Question 4

what are the Hormones with the strongest influence in pregnancy

Answer 4

Oestrogen
Progesterone
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin

Question 5

what is Human chorionic gonadotropin (HcG)

Answer 5

hormone- VIP in pregnancy
Secreted by placenta and blastocyst’
Detectable in urine 8-10 days after conception
Stimulates growth of corpus luteum
secretes increasing amounts of oestrogen and progesterone

Question 6

what hormones are primarily secreted by the placenta

Answer 6

Oestrogen
Progesterone
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin

Question 7

Function of Oestrogen

Answer 7

Increases by 30x normal throughout pregnancy
CL is first source until placenta takes over at 7-17 weeks
Causes tissue growth in fetus and mother (uterus and mammary gland)
Relaxes smooth muscle

Question 8

function of Progesterone

Answer 8

Supresses secretion of FSH and LH preventing follicular development throughout pregnancy
Supresses uterine contractions
Prevents menstruation and maintains endometrium
Stimulates development of acini cells in breast

Question 9

where is progesterone secreted from

Answer 9

corpus lutem and placenta

Question 10

when and where is Human chorionic somatomammotropin

secreted from

Answer 10

Secreted from placenta from about 5 weeks

Question 11

function of Human chorionic somatomammotropin

Answer 11

Increases throughout pregnancy
Seems to reduce mother’s insulin sensitivity and
glucose usage leaving more for the fetus.

Question 12

what are some of the more common symptoms and signs of pregnancy

Answer 12

Nausea, fatigue, sore tender and enlarged breasts, pica (the craving of substances with little or no nutritional value), Increased micturition

Question 13

how dose pregnancy affect the alimentary cannel parts

Answer 13

it can causes things like gum hypertropy(dry gums), sickness, heartburn, constipation due to progesterone levels

Question 14

what hormone is consistently increasing during pregnancy

Answer 14

progesterone

Question 15

what week dose the heart start to beat in a fetus

Answer 15

Week 5

Question 16

what week dose the sucking reflex begin

Answer 16

week 12

Question 17

how is metabolism affected by pregnancy

Answer 17

metabolic rate increases in pregnancy, due to fetus demands, 12kg is the average weight gain in pregancay- due to increase plasma, and fluid

Question 18

sings and symptoms of pregnancy associated with the alimentary cannel

Answer 18

gum hypertrophy 
Increase saliva 
nausea and vomiting 
constipation
heartburn

Question 19

what effect dose pregnancy have on the gastrointestinal tract

Answer 19

causes organs like the stomach and intestine to move to allow the utrus to expand

Question 20

impact of pregnancy on the cardiovascular system

Answer 20

increase cardiac output- 40% in 1st trimester
increase stroke volume
decreased peripheral resitance
heart beat increase of 15-20 per min
also heart is pushed upwards and rotates forward

Question 21

impact of pregnancy on the blood

Answer 21

plasma increases 30-50%- this is around 70% in twins
Blood volume increases 10-15%- adaptive mechanism to make sure blood supply reaches every where
increase rbc-18-25%- not as much as the plasma so can lead to anemia

Question 22

what is thrombo-embolic disease

Answer 22

very commom, most important causes of maternal mortality in 1st world contires

Question 23

impact of pregnancy on sketatal system

Answer 23

reduced density in connective T, cartiage, ligament

increases synovial fluid

Question 24

what hormone causes a reduction in the density of Connective T

Answer 24

oestrogen and relaxin, which are released from the 1st trimester

Question 25

function and location of relaxin

Answer 25

relaxes smooth muscle | produced in the plcenta

Question 26

where is Lactogen secreted from and its function

Answer 26

Produced by the placenta | similar to a growth hormone and causes maternal insulin resistance

Question 27

when and why dose the corpus lutem stop secreting hormones

Answer 27

From w7-17 and is repleaced by plecenta | This occurs due to Cl degenerating

Question 28

what happens to the respitory system in pregnancy

Answer 28

changes due to hormone and mechanical factors | increase gas exchange due to increase blood volume and utrus space

Question 29

what is dysponea

Answer 29

common complaint in P

Question 30

Do P women breath differently compared to non-p

Answer 30

Yes. more deeply

Question 31

By how much dose Plasma increase in P

Answer 31

usally 30-50% increase, in twins may be as high as 70%- this increase is higher in muligraves

Question 32

Dose Blood volume increase in P

Answer 32

Yes by 10-15% and starts as early at w7 and peaks around 30-34 w, this increase is an adaptive mech- due to blood loss in birth

Question 33

Is increase blood volume and adaptive mech

Answer 33

yes. as blood is loss during birth

Question 34

Do rbc increase in p

Answer 34

18-25% due to erthrprotein produced by kidneys( this makes rbc), however this is disproportionate to plasma rise

Question 35

why dose dilutinal anemia occur in p

Answer 35

Due to more plasma then rbc 30-50% compared to 18-25%- haemoglobin falls as P advance, noticeable 30-34 w

Question 36

is there increased iron in P

Answer 36

yes increase from 5kg to6kg as total requirements 1000mg

Question 37

what is the most common causes of maternal death in 1st world C

Answer 37

thrombo-embolic disease- blood clotting diseases

Question 38

how do P women avoid falling forward

Answer 38

due to fetes growth there is a compsatory increase in lumbar lordosis (curve in spine)

Question 39

what happens to the muscles in P

Answer 39

hypertrophy and hyperplasia- caused by O, progesterone and HCG Stretching of uterine fibres- this thins uterine walls

Question 40

what causes hypertrophy and plasia in P

Answer 40

the hormones oestrogen, progesterone and HCG

Question 41

what causes the uterine walls to thin

Answer 41

stretching of the uterine fibres-

Question 42

what happens to the cervix in P

Answer 42

few changes until late on becomes softer and stretch, mucoid operculum forms in canal- due to Oes increase c+elastic Fibers

Question 43

what causes increase mobility in the pubis and sacro-iliac joints

Answer 43

increased Oestrogen and relaxin from 1st trimester | this allows the baby to pass through the birth canal which is painful

Question 44

what happens to the breast in P

Answer 44

increase vascularity of veins Growth of ductal system in first 20w nipples become larger, increase pigment colastrum present from w12

Question 45

when dose the growth of the ductal system take place

Answer 45

in first 20w

Question 46

when is coastrum present from

Answer 46

W12

Question 47

what happens to the skin in P

Answer 47

can causes Chloasma- hypwemolanisis-(think lots of freckles on skin that can be joined together) affects 50-70% Linea nigra- dark vericle lines runs down stomach- stretch marks- 55-90% of pw, more common in Prigraves