Maternal Week 4

Question 1

From ovulation to fertilization

Answer 1

OVUM

Question 2

From fertilization to implantation

Answer 2

ZYGOTE

Question 3

From implantation to 5-8 weeks

Answer 3

EMBRYO

Question 4

From 5-8 weeks until term

Answer 4

FETUS

Question 5

Developing embryo and placental structures throughout pregnancy

Answer 5

CONCEPTUS

Question 6

The earliest age at which fetuses survive if they are born is generally accepted as 24 weeks or at the point a fetus weighs more than 500-600 g.

Answer 6

AGE OF VIABILITY

Question 7

The earliest age at which fetuses survive if they are born is generally accepted as _________ or at the point a fetus weighs more than ________

Answer 7

24 weeks
500-600 g

Question 8

(also referred to as conception and impregnation) is the union of an ovum and a spermatozoon.

Answer 8

Fertilization

Question 9

outer third of a fallopian tube, termed the

Answer 9

ampullar portion.

Question 10

Semen ejaculation average

Answer 10

2.5ml of fluid containing 20 to 200 million spermatozoa per milliliter

Question 11

The placenta and the membranes, which will serve as the fetal

Answer 11

lungs, kidneys, and digestive tract

Question 12

hormone secreted by the trophoblast cells.

Answer 12

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

Question 13

The endometrium is now termed the _______ (the Latin word for _______

Answer 13

Decidua
Falling off

Question 14

decidua has three separate areas

Answer 14

Decidua basalis

Decidua capsularis

Decidua vera

Question 15

the part of the endometrium that lies directly under the embryo (or the portion where the trophoblast cells establish communication with maternal blood vessels)

Answer 15

Decidua basalis,

Question 16

the portion of the endometrium that stretches or encapsulates the surface of the trophoblast

Answer 16

Decidua capsularis,

Question 17

the remaining portion of the uterine lining. As the embryo continues to grow, it pushes the decidua capsularis before it like a blanket.

Answer 17

Decidua vera,

Question 18

As early as the 11th or 12th day, miniature villi that resemble probing fingers, termed______________, reach out from the single layer of cells into the uterine endometrium to begin formation of the placenta.

Answer 18

chorionic villi

Question 19

A double layer of trophoblast cells surrounds these.

Answer 19

syncytiotrophoblast, or the syncytial layer.

cytotrophoblast or Langhans’ layer

Question 20

is present as early as 12 days’ gestation.

This layer of cells disappears, however, between the 20th and 24th weeks.

Answer 20

cytotrophoblast or Langhans’ layer

Question 21

• This layer of cells produces various placental hormones, such as hCG, somatomammotropin (human placental lactogen [hPL]), estrogen, and progesterone

Answer 21

syncytiotrophoblast, or the syncytial layer.

Question 22

Latin for “pancake,” which is descriptive of its size and appearance at term

Answer 22

placenta

Question 23

• Its growth parallels that of the fetus, growing from a few identifiable cells at the beginning of pregnancy to an organ _____________cm in diameter and __________ cm in depth, covering about half the surface area of the internal uterus at term

Answer 23

15-20
2-3

Question 24

As early as the 12th day of pregnancy, maternal blood begins to collect in the intervillous spaces of the uterine endometrium surrounding the chorionic villi.

Answer 24

Circulation

Question 25

the rate of uteroplacental blood flow in pregnancy increases from about

Answer 25

50 mL/min at 10 weeks to 500 to 600 mL/min at term.

Question 26

The first placental hormone produced, can be found in maternal blood and urine as early as the first missed menstrual period (shortly after implantation has occurred) through about the 100th day of pregnancy.

Answer 26

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin.

Question 27

this is the hormone analyzed by pregnancy tests

Answer 27

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin.

Question 28

is to act as a fail-safe measure to ensure that the corpus luteum of the ovary continues to produce progesterone and estrogen.

Answer 28

hCG

Question 29

(primarily estriol) is produced as a second product of the syncytial cells of the placenta.

Answer 29

Estrogen

Question 30

contributes to the woman's mammary gland development in preparation for lactation and stimulates uterine growth to accommodate the developing fetus.

Answer 30

Estrogen

Question 31

is often referred to as the "hormone of women"; progesterone as the "hormone of mothers."

Answer 31

Estrogen

Question 32

This hormone also appears to reduce the contractility of the uterus during pregnancy, preventing premature labor. maintain the endometrial lining of the uterus during pregnancy

Answer 32

Progesterone

Question 33

a hormone with both growth-promoting and lactogenic (milk-producing) properties.

Answer 33

• hPL

Question 34

It is produced by the placenta beginning as early as the sixth week of pregnancy, increasing to a peak level at term. It can be assayed in both maternal serum and urine.

Answer 34

hPL

Question 35

It promotes mammary gland (breast) growth in preparation for lactation in the mother.

Answer 35

hPL

Question 36

It also serves the important role of regulating maternal glucose, protein, and fat levels so that adequate amounts of these nutrients are always available to the fetus

Answer 36

hPL

Question 37

The function of these has not been well documented, but it is thought that they may contribute to decreasing the immunologic impact of the growing placenta through being part of the complement cascade

Answer 37

Placental Proteins

Question 38

The smooth chorion eventually becomes the chorionic membrane, the outermost fetal membrane. Its purpose is to form the sac that contains the amniotic fluid.

Answer 38

amniotic membranes

Question 39

At birth they can be seen covering the fetal surface of the placenta, giving that surface its typically shiny appearance.

Answer 39

amniotic membranes

Question 40

is constantly being newly formed and reabsorbed by the amniotic membrane, so it never becomes stagnant.

Answer 40

Amniotic fluid

Question 41

the amount of amniotic fluid has increased so much it ranges from

Answer 41

800 to 1200 ml

Question 42

for any reason the fetus is unable to swallow

Answer 42

esophageal atresia or anencephaly

Question 43

excessive amniotic fluid,

Answer 43

hydramnios(more than 2000 mL in total

Question 44

disturbance of kidney function may cause____________555, or a reduction in the amount of amniotic fluid (less than 300 mL in total, or no pocket

Answer 44

oligohydramnios

Question 45

The most important purpose of_______________ is to shield the fetus against pressure or a blow to the mother's abdomen.

Answer 45

amniotic fluid

Question 46

Amniotic fluid is slightly alkaline, with a pH of about _____

Answer 46

7.2

Question 47

The umbilical cord is formed from the fetal membranes

Answer 47

(amnion and chorion)

Question 48

Its function is to transport oxygen and nutrients to the fetus from the placenta and to return waste products from the fetus to the placenta.

Answer 48

The Umbilical Cord

Question 49

It is about 53 cm (21 in) in length at term and about 2 cm (3/4 in) thick.

Answer 49

The Umbilical Cord

Question 50

The bulk of the cord is a gelatinous mucopolysaccharide called_____________, which gives the cord body and prevents pressure on the vein and arteries that pass through it.

Answer 50

Wharton's jelly

Question 51

PUBS

Answer 51

percutaneous umbilical blood sampling

Question 52

In about 20% of all births, a loose loop of cord is found around the_____________________________ at birth. If this loop of cord is removed before the newborn's shoulders are born, so that there is no traction on it, the oxygen supply to the fetus remains unimpaired

Answer 52

fetal neck (nuchal cord)

Question 53

the amniotic cavity, which is lined with a distinctive layer of cells, the ectoderm,

Answer 53

large one

Question 54

the yolk sac, which is lined with entoderm cells. In humans, the yolk sac appears to supply nourishment only until implantation.

Answer 54

smaller cavity

Question 55

the fetus derives oxygen and excretes carbon dioxide not from gas exchange in the lung but from gas exchange in the placenta.

Answer 55

Fetal Circulation

Question 56

not yet resemble a human being. • Length: 0.75-1 cm Weight: 400 mg • The spinal cord is formed and fused at the midpoint. • Lateral wings that will form the body are folded forward to fuse at the midline.

Answer 56

End of 4th Gestational Week

Question 57

Weigh: 25 gm (1 in) • Organogenesis is complete. • External genitalia are forming, but sex is not yet distinguishable by simple observation.

Answer 57

End of 8th Gestational Week

Question 58

Length: 7-8 cm • Weight: 45 g • Nail beds are forming on fingers and toes. Some reflexes, such as the Babinski reflex, are present.

Answer 58

End of 12th Gestational Week (First Trimester)

Question 59

Length: 28-36 cm • Weight: 550 g • Meconium is present as far as the rectum Eyebrows and eyelashes become well defined. Pupils are capable of reacting to light.

Answer 59

VI. End of 24th Gestational Week (Second Trimester)

Question 60

Length: 35-38 cm Weight: 1200 g • Lung alveoli begin to mature, and surfactant can be demonstrated in amniotic fluid. • Testes begin to descend into the scrotal sac from the lower abdominal cavity.

Answer 60

VII. End of 28th Gestational Week

Question 61

• Length: 38-43 cm • Weight: 1600 g • Subcutaneous tat begins to be deposited (the former stringy, "little old man"* appearance is lost) Fetus responds by movement to sounds outside the mother's body. • Active Moro reflex is present.

Answer 61

VIII. End of 32nd Gestational Week

Question 62

Length: 42-48 cm Weight: 1800-2700 g (5-6 lb) Amount of lanugo begins to diminish. Most babies turn into a vertex (head down) presentation during this month.

Answer 62

End of 36th Gestational Week

Question 63

• Length: 48-52 cm (crown to rump, 35-37 cm) • Weight: 3000 g (7-7.5 lb) • Fetus kicks actively, hard enough to cause the mother considerable discomfort. • Fetal hemoglobin begins its conversion to adult hemoglobin.

Answer 63

- End of 40th Gestational Week (Third Trimester)

Question 64

attack and disable nervous tissue.

Answer 64

Lead and mercury,

Question 65

a drug once used to relieve nausea in pregnancy, causes limb defects.

Answer 65

Thalidomide,

Question 66

a common antibiotic, causes tooth enamel deficiencies and, possibly, long-bone deformities.

Answer 66

Tetracycline,

Question 67

can affect many organs: the eyes, ears, heart, and brain are the four most commonly attacked.• Two exceptions to the rule that deformities usually occur in early embryonic life are the effects caused by the organisms of syphilis and toxoplasmosis.

Answer 67

rubella virus

Question 68

a protozoan infection, is spread most commonly through contact with uncooked meat, although it may, also be contracted through handling cat stool in soil or cat litter

Answer 68

Toxoplasmosis

Question 69

usually causes only a mild rash and mild systemic illness in a woman, but the teratogenic effects on a fetus can be devastating

Answer 69

• The rubella virus

Question 70

a member of the herpes virus family, is another teratogen that can cause extensive damage to a fetus while causing few symptoms in a woman

Answer 70

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

Question 71

It is transmitted from person to person by droplet infection such as occurs with sneezing.

Answer 71

Cytomegalovirus (CMV),

Question 72

• The child's skin may be covered with large petechiae ("blueberry-muffin" lesions). there is no treatment or vaccine for the disease,

Answer 72

Cytomegalovirus

Question 73

If the infection takes place in the first trimester, severe congenital anomalies or spontaneous miscarriage may occur.

Answer 73

Herpes Simplex Virus (Genital Herpes Infection)

Question 74

a common viral disease in school-age children, if contracted during pregnancy, can cross the placenta and attack the red blood cells of a fetus.

Answer 74

• Parvovirus B19, the causative agent of erythema infectiosum (also called fifth disease),

Question 75

a sexually transmitted infection, is of great concern for the maternal-fetal population despite the availability of accurate screening tests and proven medical treatment, as it is growing in incidence and places a fetus at risk

Answer 75

Syphilis

Question 76

When the baby's primary teeth come in, they are oddly shaped

Answer 76

(Hutchinson teeth)..

Question 77

a multisystem disease caused by the spirochete Borrella burgdorferi, is spread by the bite of a deer tick. The highest incidence occurs in the summer and early fall.

Answer 77

Lyme Disease.

Question 78

The largest outbreaks of the disease are found on the east coast of the United States (Mullen, 2007). After a tick bite, a typical skin rash, erythema chronicum migrans

Answer 78

Lyme disease

Question 79

are contraindicated during pregnancy because they may transmit the viral infection to a fetus

Answer 79

Potentially Teratogenic Vaccines

Question 80

intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR).

Answer 80

meperidine (Demerol) and heroin

Question 81

causes severe vasoconstriction in the mother, compromising placental blood flow and perhaps dislodging the placenta.

Answer 81

Cocaine

Question 82

their babies show a high incidence of congenital deformities and cognitive impairment. • It was assumed in the past that these defects were the result of the mother's poor nutritional status

Answer 82

Teratogenicity of Alcohol

Question 83

associated with infertility in women. been shown to cause fetal growth restriction

Answer 83

Teratogenicity of Cigarettes

Question 84

Low birth weight in infants of __________ mothers results from vasoconstriction of the uterine vessels, an effect of nicotine. This limits the blood supply to a fetus.

Answer 84

Teratogenicity of Cigarettes

Question 85

Rapidly growing cells are extremely vulnerable to destruction

Answer 85

Radiation