SKIN Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
arises from free nerve endings (nonmyelinated
A
- Itching - Pruritus
2
Q
Severe Itching
A
Pruritus
3
Q
o Like itching, may be localized or generalized acute or chronic, and caused by an obvious dermatologic problem or an underlying systemic problem.
A
RASHES
4
Q
Temperature fluctuations
A
Cold Urticaria
5
Q
Air humidity
A
o Warm Weather Skin Rash
6
Q
Exposure to contaminants
A
Cutaneous Anthrax
7
Q
The most common types are caused by vascular disease or pressure or by diabetes.
A
Non - healing sore or chronic ulceration
8
Q
▪ Decrease in color of the skin caused by lack of oxygen in the body. Best observed around fingernails, lips, palpebral conjunctiva, and oral mucosa; likewise, on the palms of hands and soles of feet
A
PALLOR
9
Q
▪ Bluish discoloration of the skin due to lack of oxygen or poor tissue perfusion ▪ best observed on the lips and nail beds
A
Cyanosis
10
Q
Cause by diseases of heart and lungs. Bluish discoloration of tongue and linings of the mouth.
A
CENTRAL CYANOSIS
11
Q
Results from decreased peripheral circulation. Seen at the arms and legs.
A
PERIPHERAL CYANOSIS
12
Q
Also known as icterus; a yellowish appearance of the skin, sclera, mucous membranes, and excretions related to hepatobiliary disorders or hemolytic diseases.
A
Jaundice
13
Q
Redness of the skin due to congestion of the capillaries
A
Erythema
14
Q
BIRTHMARKS
A
Hyperpigmentation
15
Q
Destruction of melanocytes in the area.
Hypopigmentation
A
VITILIGO
16
Q
Complete or partial lack of melanin.
Hypopigmentation
A
ALBINISM
17
Q
Odors from excessive sweating
A
(hyperhydrosis)
18
Q
Possible thyrotoxicosis
A
excess thyroid hormone)
19
Q
Odors from night sweats
A
Possible tuberculosis
20
Q
Urine odor
A
Incontinence problem
21
Q
▪ Initial alteration in the skin
▪ abscess, ulcer, tumor, and open wound
A
Primary skin lesions
22
Q
▪ Arises from a change in a primary lesion
▪ crusts, kelloids, scars
A
Secondary skin lesions
23
Q
The ABCDE of Lesions
A
▪ Assymetry
▪ Border Irregularity
▪ Color Variations
▪ Diameter
▪ Elevation
24
Q
Small, flat, nonpalpable skin color change (skin color may be brown, white, tan, purple, red).
A
Macule and Patch
25
* The collection of small blood vessels
Cherry Angioma (Macule)
26
small brown patches on the skin typically on elderly people
Lentigines (Macule)
27
* tiny circular bleeding under the skin
▪ Petechiae (Macule)
28
bright red rash that covers most of the body, bacterial illness that develops in people with strep throat
Scarlet fever (Macule)
29
* mask of pregnancy
Chloasma (PATCH)
30
* congenital dermal melanocytosis. flat and blue-gray
* typically appear on the buttocks or lower back, but may also be found on the arms or legs
Mongolian spot (PATCH)
31
* discoloration of the human skin caused by a vascular anomaly
* a capillary malformation in the skin
Port-wine stain (PATCH)
32
*A long-term skin condition characterized by patches of the skin losing their pigment
▪ Vitiligo (PATCH)
33
▪ Elevated Nevi
▪ benign (noncancerous) moles, also known as dysplastic nevi
▪ Warts
▪ growths on skin caused by an infection with humanpapilloma virus, or HPV
Papules
34
▪ Actinic Keratosis
▪ crusty, scaly growth caused by damage from exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation
▪ Psoriasis
Plaque
35
o Elevated mass with transient borders that is often irregular. Size and color vary. Collection of edema fluid into the dermis. Raised, superficial, and temporary.
Wheal
36
* outbreak of swollen, pale red bumps or plaques on the skin that appear suddenly
* either as a result of the body's reaction to certain allergens, or for unknown reasons
HIVES (wheals)
37
* lump of fatty tissue between your skin and the underlying muscle
* it feels rubbery, and you may be able to move it around a bit
* usually painless, harmless, and not cancerous
Lipoma (NODULES)
38
* the second most common form of skin cancer
* usually found on areas of the body damaged by UV rays from the sun or tanning beds
Squamous cell carcinoma (NODULES)
39
* superficial benign fibrous histiocytoma
* a common cutaneous nodule of unknown etiology that occurs more often in women
* frequently develops on the extremities (mostly the lower legs) and is usually asymptomatic, although pruritus and tenderness can be present
Dermatofibroma (NODULES)
40
o Encapsulated fluid-filled or semisolid mass that is located in the subcutaneous tissue or dermis o 1 cm or larger elevated o Palpable, solid with depth into dermis
Cyst
41
o Palpable, fluid filled
o Palpable, fluid filled
42
* set of viruses that produce viral infections in the majority of humans
* can be spread when an infected person begins shedding the virus
Herpes simplex (VESICLES)
43
* also called chickenpox
* a very contagious viral disease
* usually mild, but it can be serious in infants under 12 months of age, adolescents, adults, pregnant women, and people with weakened immune systems
Varicella (VESICLES)
44
* caused by an allergic reaction to an oily resin called urushiol (u-ROOshe-ol)
* this oil is in the leaves, stems and roots of poison ivy, poison oak and poison sumac
Poison ivy rash (VESICLES)
45
* partial thickness burns
* affect the epidermis and the dermis (lower layer of skin)
Second-degree burns (VESICLES)
46
* rare group of blistering autoimmune diseases that affect the skin and mucus membranes
Pemphigus (BULLA)
47
* red, itchy rash caused by direct contact with a substance or an allergic reaction to it, not contagious but very uncomfortable
Contact dermatitis (BULLA)
48
caused by burns
▪ Large burn blisters (BULLA)
49
caused by bacterial infection
Bullous impetigo (BULLA)
50
o Thickening and scaling with increased skin markings,
* Lichenification
51
Eczema
* Lichenification
52
o Shedding of dead skin cells
o Can be either dry or oily
o Flaking of the skin surface
o Maybe adherent or loose o Variable in color
Scales
53
Psoriasis
Scales
54
o Dried exudates, dried serum, blood or pus on the surface of the skin,
Crust
55
Impetigo
Crust
56
o Skin mark left after healing of wound or lesion that represents replacement by connective tissue of the injured tissue o Young scars are red or purple, whereas mature scars are white or glistening
Scar
57
o Hypertrophic scarring because of excess collagen formation
Keloid
58
o Raised and irregular
Keloid
59
o Abrasion or other loss that does not extend beyond the superficial epidermis o Loss of outer skin layers from scratching or rubbing
Excoriations
60
o Ex. Scabies
Excoriations
61
o Loss of superficial epidermis that does not extend to the dermis
Erosions
62
o Ex. Dermatophyte
Erosions
63
o Skin loss extending past epidermis, with necrotic tissue loss.
o Bleeding and scarring are possible
Ulcers
64
o Ex. Stasis ulcer
Ulcers
65
o Thinning of skin with transparent appearance
Atrophy
66
o Ex.Thinning of skin due to aging
Atrophy
67
Lesions are associated with bleeding, aging, circulatory conditions, diabetes, pregnancy, and hepatic disease, among other problems
Vascular Lesions
68
▪ Round or irregular macular lesion that is larger than petechial lesion
▪ The color varies and changes: black, yellow, and green hues
▪ It is secondary to blood extravasation and associated with trauma, injury and bleeding tendencies
Ecchymosis
69
▪ Secondary to blood extravasation
▪ Caused by steroids, vasculitis, systemic diseases
▪ Associated with bleeding tendencies or emboli to skin ▪ Round red or purple macule that is 1–2 mm in size
Petechia
70
▪ Papular and round, red or purple lesion found on the trunk or extremities
▪ It may blanch with pressure
▪ It is a normal age – related skin alteration and usually not clinically significant
Cherry Angioma
71
▪ Red arteriole lesion with a central body with radiating branches
▪ Associated with liver disease, pregnancy, and vitamin B deficiency
▪ Usually noted on the face, neck, arms, and trunk, rare below the waist
▪ Compression of the center of the arteriole completely blanches the lesion
Spider Angioma
72
▪ It does not blanch when pressure is applied
▪ It is secondary to superficial dilation of venous vessels and capillaries
▪ Associated with increased venous pressure states (varicosities)
▪ Bluish or red lesion with varying shape
Telangiectasis
73
▪ A localized collection of blood creating an elevated ecchymosis
▪ It is associated with trauma
Hematoma
74
▪ Red color
▪ Irregular-shaped macular patch
▪ Strawberry marks
Capillary Hemangioma
75
Red color
▪ Seen with dilation of dermal capillaries
o Port - wine stain
76
o Caused by sebaceous gland overactivity with plugging of hair follicles and retention of sebum, resulting in papules, and pustules
o Onset is typically at puberty, but acne may last into advanced age
o Greater incidence in males
o Caused by Propioni Bacterium Acne
o Most common on face, back, and shoulders
o Lesions may be sore and painfulo Aggravated by emotional distress, greasy topical applications (cosmetics), and certain medications (oral contraceptives, isoniazide, rifampin, lithium, phenobarbital)
Acne Vulgaris
77
o Causes reddish, irregular, slightly raised lesions that have a rough, gritty surface
o Sign of sun-damaged skin
o Precancerous lesion, may progress to squamous cell cancer o Typically less than 1 cm in diameter
o Generally on sun-exposed areas of face, head, neck, and hands
Actinic Keratosis
78
o Localized skin irritation, inflammation, and pruritus from contact with an irritating substance
o Can occur as an additive effect of multiple irritants (soaps, detergents, or chemicals) or allergy to a specific agent (topical to a specific agent, topical medication, plant oils, or metals)
o Secondary infections may occur at the site
o Edema may occur, with development of vesicles and bullae
o Vesicles or bullae may rupture, causing crusting
o Edema may be very significant, particularly when face or genitalia are involved
Contact Dermatitis
79
o Causes redness, pruritus, scratching, and skin lesions in a person with a predisposition to skin irritations
o Red to red-brown, slightly scaly lesions
o Lichenification with increased skin markings common
o Exudative
o Common sites include face, neck, upper trunk, wrists, hands, and flexor surfaces (folds) of knees and elbows
o Lesions on face, neck, and upper trunk are called monk’s cowl o Itching can be quite severe
o Sites may develop secondary infection
o May be triggered by changes in temperature, emotional stress, or food allergies
Eczema / Atomic Dermatitis
80
o A contagious disease caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV1 & HSV2)
o Recurrent clusters of small vesicles on erythematous base
o Sites burn and sting
o Neuralgia often occurs
Herpes Simplex
81
o A superficial dermatitis in the skinfolds
o Caused by heat, moisture, and friction, and is most common in obese people
o Pink to reddened skin in body folds (between and beneath buttocks, beneath fatty abdominal pad, or beneath pendulous breasts)
o Areas in folds develop erythema, fissures, and denudationo Lesions may itch, burn, or sting
Intertrigo
82
o A common, mild, acute inflammatory skin disease
o Often described as “Christmas tree” rash because of shape
o Rash may last 4 to 8 weeks
o Can be intensely pruritic
o Believed to be caused by viral infection
Pityriasis Rosea
83
o A common dermatitis that has genetic causes and may begin at any age
o Silvery scales on bright red papules
o Scales generally thick
o Area beneath bleeds if scale is removed
o Usually occurs on extensor surfaces of knees, elbows, and scalp
o Itching may be mild or severe
o A genetic predisposition is suggested by family history
Psoriasis
84
o A chronic disorder of unknown cause that occurs mainly on the face
o Acne component with papules, pustules, and seborrhea
o May be aggravated by alcohol, caffeine, chocolate, heat, and spicy foods, as well as by situations that promote flushing
Rosacea
85
o A disorder of the sebaceous glands that causes an increase in the amount of sebaceous secretion
o Typical sites include scalp, face (between brows, along sides of nose, at mustache / beard areas) and on presternal, interscapular, and umbilical regions
o Itching may be present o Fissuring is possible with secondary infections
o “Super dandruff” is common term because it occurs along sites with greater hair distribution
Seborrhea
86
o A benign skin lesion that may be pigmented
o Sharply demarcated lesions o Brown to black pigmentation
o Rough, dry surface
o Elevation o Surrounding skin generally normal
o Incidence increases with age
o Generally found on trunk, although potentially can occur anywhere
Seborrheic Keratosis
87
o Eczema of the legs with pigmentation, edema and chronic inflammation resulting from venous insufficiency
o Stasis ulcer is associated with stasis dermatitis and develops from venous insufficiency
o Red, scaly patch often initial sign
o Site develops vesicles and crusts o Ulcer may develop as a result of trauma, edema, or infection
o Caused by poor circulation, which can be related to peripheral vascular diseases, obesity, or poor nutrition
Stasis Dermatitis
88
o A fungal infection of the scalp
o Well-demarcated, reddened area
o Scaling, itching
o Dry, brittle hair
Tinea Capitis
89
o a fungal skin disease occurring anywhere on the body
o Ringworm
o Ring-shaped erythematous lesions on body
o Advancing border with small vesicles
o Pruritic
o Most often on exposed surfaces
Tinea Corporis
90
o a fungal skin disease occurring in the genital and anal areas in males
o Sharply demarcated, reddened areas
o Severe pruritus
Tinea Cruris
91
o a fungal skin disease occurring in the genital and anal areas in males
o Sharply demarcated, reddened areas
o Severe pruritus
Tinea Cruris
92
o A fungal skin disease occurring in the foot
o Athlete's foot
o Exfoliating, fissuring, macerated area of erythema
o Sites itch, burn, and / or sting
Tinea Pedis
93
o An invasive, cancerous skin tumor with strong potential for metastasis to both regional and distant sites and organs
o Commonly presents as a black or purple nodule
o Other color variations include pink, tan, brown, red, or even “normal” tones
o May also be flat or pedunculated
o Erythema may surround lesion
o May ulcerate or become friable o May be found on any location, including sun- exposed areas, palms, or soles
Melanoma
94
o A form of skin cancer occurring mainly in the squamous cellso Pink, scaly, elevated lesions
o Base of lesions may be inflamed
o Typically on sun-exposed surfaces, including scalp, hands, lips, and ears
Squamous cell carcinoma
95
o An epidermoid cancer, one of the most common malignant skin diseases
o Rarely metastatic
o Typically has pearly, flesh-colored or transparent “rolled” border
o Usually occurs on sun-exposed surfaces, especially the face
Basal cell carcinoma
96
remains elevated after being pulled up (PINCHED) and released
Skin Turgor
97
o Full-thickness loss with extensive involvement of muscle, bone, or supporting structures
o This deep ulcer may involve undermining and sinus tracts of adjacent tissues
Grade 4 ULCER
98
o Full-thickness loss involving subcutaneous tissue
o Ulcer may extend to but not through fascia
o A deep crater that may undermine adjacent tissues
Grade 3 ULCER
99
o Partial-thickness loss involving both epidermis and dermis
o Ulcer is still superficial and appears as a blister, abrasion or very shallow crater
Grade 2 ULCER
100
o Nonblanchable erythema of intact skin
o Indicates potential for ulceration
Grade 1 ULCER
