TFN MIDTERMS Flashcards
(328 cards)
1
Q
Science of Unitary Human Beings (SUHB)
A
MARTHA ROGERS
2
Q
born in 1914 in Dallas, Texas.
A
MARTHA ROGERS
3
Q
*received her nursing diploma from the Knoxville General Hospital School of Nursing in 1936, then earned her Public Health Nursing degree from George Peabody College in Tennessee in 1937.
A
MARTHA ROGERS
4
Q
died on March 13, 1994.
A
MARTHA ROGERS
5
Q
worked as a professor at New York University’s School of Nursing
A
MARTHA ROGERS
6
Q
Human being is considered as united whole
A
- WHOLENESS
7
Q
A person and his environment are continuously exchanging matter and energy with each other
A
OPENNESS
8
Q
The life process of a human being evolves irreversibly and unidirectionally along a space time continuum (from birth to death)
A
UNIDIRECTIONALITY
9
Q
Pattern identifies individuals and reflects their innovate wholeness
A
PATTERN AND ORGANIZATION
10
Q
Humans are the only organisms able to think, imagine, have language, and emotions
A
SENTENCE AND THOUGHT
11
Q
Refers to the balance between the dynamic life process and environment. It should be understood as a dynamic version of homeostasis. These principles help to view human as unitary human being.
A
HOMODYNAMIC PRINCIPLES
12
Q
is an arrangement for human and environment that undergo transformation. The constant change in flow from a lower to higher frequency.
- nurses might incorporate activities such as art and music to assist a patient who is ill in an attempt to help them adjust to change flow.
A
RESONANCE
13
Q
is the nature of change is unpredictable, continuous and innovative. Any small change in any of the environmental fields causes a ripple effect, which creates larger changes in other fields
-as a nurse even the smallest of our actions can make a difference including the simplest of things such as spending time with our patient, and the way we speak to them.
A
HELICY
14
Q
is the energy fields of human and environment in a continuous mutual process. Human and environmental energy fields that are mutually and continuously changing-we effect our environment and our environment effect us.
-as a nurse, we share a connectedness with our patient, and we share the mutual simultaneous experience. Person and environment become one field.
-meditation and humor work to produce a positive environment
A
INTEGRALITY
15
Q
Defined person as
The life process of the unitary human being is one of wholeness and continuity as well as dynamic and creative change. Pan-dimensional energy field.
A
MARTHA ROGERS
16
Q
Defined environment as
Defines as irreducible pan dimensional energy field identified by pattern and manifesting characteristics different from those of parts.
There is an energy field that is to be considered, not just the person. The energy field provides a way to view different people and environment as pure entities. It is naturally scientific field as each individual influences the environment.
A
MARTHA ROGERS
17
Q
Defined health as
Symbolize wellness and the absence of disease and major illness.
A
MARTHA ROGERS
18
Q
Defined nursing as
Is both art and science and the nurse are a factor in healing environment. Science with the practice of nursing to care for and to improve the patient outcomes. It gives a nurse a theoretical structure to integrate patients in relationship with their environment.
A
MARTHA ROGERS
19
Q
As the fundamental unit of the living and the non-living. Persons and the environment are energy fields. Human beings do not have an energy field, they are an energy field.
A
- ENERGY FIELD
20
Q
There is no boundary or barrier that can inhibit the flow of energy between human and environment which leads to the continuous movement or matter of energy. A person and his environment are continuously exchanging with each other, so it refers to the qualities exhibited by open systems human beings in their environment
A
OPENNESS
21
Q
Is the characteristic of an energy field that is seen as a single wave. It is an abstraction, and it gives identity to the field. It is continually changing and may manifest diseases, illness, feelings, or pain.
A
- PATTERN
22
Q
Non-linear domain without spatial or temporal attributes, non-linear, transcends the traditional notions of time and space. The parameters that human use in language to describe events are arbitrary.
A
- PANDIMENSIONALITY
23
Q
Self-care deficit
A
DOROTHEA OREM
24
Q
(1914-2007), one of the prime US theorists born in Baltimore, Maryland
A
DOROTHEA OREM
25
Obtain her basic diploma in nursing at School of Nursing Washington, BSN (1939) and MSN in 1945 from Catholic University of America, and Doctorate degrees (honorary Doctorates awarded from different Universities).
DOROTHEA OREM
26
She began her nursing career at Providence Hospital School of Nursing in Washington, DC, where she received a diploma of nursing in the early 1930s.
DOROTHEA OREM
27
She published her theory in 1959 for the first time and revised in 1971, 1983, 1987, and 2001. Her contributions enabled her to achieve Excellency from prominent societies like Sigma Theta Tau International Society, the National League for Nursing, and the American Academy of Nursing.
DOROTHEA OREM
28
“Nursing is the ability to care for another human being, most importantly when they are unable to care for themselves. The ultimate goal is achieving an optimal level of health and wellness for our patients”.
DOROTHEA OREM'S PHILOSOPHY
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The self-care deficit nursing theory is a general theory composed of what four related theories?
The theory of self-care
The theory of dependent care
The theory of self-care deficit
The theory of nursing systems
30
describes why and how people care for themselves
The theory of self-care
31
explains how family members and/or friends provide dependent-care for a person who is socially dependent
The theory of dependent care
32
describes and explains why people can be helped through nursing
The theory of self-care deficit
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describes and explains relationships that must be brought about and maintained for nursing to be produced
The theory of nursing systems
34
What is the three components Theory of Self-Care
universal self-care needs
developmental self-care needs
and health deviation.
35
Air, food, water, elimination/excretion, activity & rest, solitude /social interaction, functioning/well being, normalcy
universal self-care needs
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more specific to the process of growth & development and are influenced by what is happening during the life cycle, It can be positive or negative.
Developmental Self Care Requisite
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When a condition permanently or temporarily alters structural, & psychological function
Health Deviation Self Care Requisites
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What are the three components of self-care
Self-Care Agent
Theory of dependent care
Therapeutic self-care
39
provides the foundation for understanding the action requirements and action limitations of persons who may benefit from nursing.
Self-Care Agent
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“Explains how the self-care system is modified when it is directed toward a person who is socially dependent and needs assistance in meeting his or her self-care requisites”
Theory of dependent care
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demand is the totality of self-care actions to be performed for some duration in order to meet self-care requisites by using valid methods and related sets of operations and actions.
Therapeutic self-care
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______ care refers to the care that is provided to a person who, because of age or related factors, is unable to perform the self-care needed to maintain life, healthful functioning, continuing personal development, and well-being.
Dependent
43
DOROTHEA OREM'S BIRTHDATE
JULY 15, 1914
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WHAT ARE THE FOUR MAJOR CONCEPT OF SUHB THEORY?
OPENNESS
PAN-DIMENSIONALITY
ENERGY FIELD
PATTERN
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Summation of care measures at a specific point in time or over a duration of time for meeting the dependent’s therapeutic self-care demand when his or her self-care agency is not adequate or operational.
Dependent-Care Demand
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a complex acquired ability of mature and maturing persons to know and meet their continuing requirements for deliberate, purposive action to regulate their own human functioning and development.
Self-Care Agency
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Refers to the acquired ability of a person to know and meet the therapeutic self-care demand of the dependent person and/or regulate the development and exercise of the______
dependent’s self-care agency.
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______occurs when an individual cannot carry out self-care requisites. Specifies when nursing is needed
self-care deficit
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Orem identifies method of helping:
-Acting for and doing for others
-Guiding and directing
-Providing Physical and Psychological support
-Environment of promoting personal development
-Teaching
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Examples of self-care requisites are:
-Wound care
-Activities of Daily Living
-Bowel program
-Glucose monitoring
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what are the three theory of nursing system
Wholly compensatory support
Partial compensatory support
supportive/ educative compensatory support
51
what are the three theory of nursing system
Wholly compensatory support
Partial compensatory support
Supportive/educative compensatory
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patient is unable to complete any self-care independently; nursing compensates for patient’s inability to perform self-care.
Wholly compensatory support
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patient is able to perform self-care tasks with partial or no assistance from nursing.
Partial compensatory support
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patient able to perform tasks independently. Nursing provides ongoing education and support
. Supportive/educative compensatory
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DEFINED HEALTH AS
a state characterized by soundness or wholeness of developed human structures and of bodily and mental functioning.
DOROTHEA OREM
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DEFINED PEOPLE AS
is viewed biologically, symbolically and socially but still as a whole person. This person is considered to be able to provide self-care
DOROTHEA OREM
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DEFINED NURSING AS
is how a health care professional
develops a plan of care to meet the patient’s self-care needs
DOROTHEA OREM
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DEFINED ENVIRONMENT AS
the physical, chemical, biologic and social factors that make up who a person is.
DOROTHEA OREM
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Goal attainment theory
IMOGENE KING
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JANUARY 30, 1923
IMOGENE KING
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Bachelor in science of nursing from St. Louis University in 1948
IMOGENE KING
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Master of science in nursing from St. Louis University in 1957
* Doctorate from Teacher’s college, Columbia University.
IMOGENE KING
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Factors which affect the attainment of goal
roles, stress, space & time
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is the care of human being
Nursing Focus
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is the health of the individual and health care for the group
Nursing Goal
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is the health of the individual and health care for the group
Nursing Goal
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are open system in constant interaction with the environment
Human Beings
66
INTERACTING SYSTEMS IN THE THEORY OF GOAL ATTAINMENT
Personal System
Interpersonal system
Social system
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* An organized system of social role, behavior and practices
* Organization
* Authority
* Power
* Status
* Decision Making
Social system
68
* How the nurse interrelates with a coworker or patient, particularly in a nurse-patient relationship
* Interaction
* Communication
* Transaction
* Role
* Stress
Interpersonal system
69
1. Perception
2. Self
3. Growth and Development
4. Body Image
5. Time
6. Space
Personal System
70
a means of behavior or activities that are towards the accomplishments of certain act. It is both physical and mental.
ACTION
71
a form of reacting or a response to a certain stimuli.
REACTION
72
is any situation wherein the nurse relates and deals with a clientele or patient.
INTERACTION
72
is any situation wherein the nurse relates and deals with a clientele or patient.
INTERACTION
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is a unique observable in which human being communicate with the environment
TRANSACTION
74
DEFINED PERSON AS
existing in an open system who makes choices and select alternative action
IMOGENE KING
75
DEFINED HEALTH AS
as continuous adjustment to stress in the internal and external environment
IMOGENE KING
76
DEFINED ENVIRONMENT AS
as the process of balance involving internal ad external interactions inside the social system
IMOGENE KING
77
DEFINED NURSING AS
is an observable behavior found in the health care systems in society”. The goal of nursing “is to help individuals maintain their health so they can function in their roles”
IMOGENE KING
78
Behavioral system model
DOROTHY JOHNSON
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AUGUST 21, 1919
DOROTHY JOHNSON
80
born on August 21, 1919, in Savannah, Georgia.
DOROTHY JOHNSON
81
She was the youngest of seven children.
DOROTHY JOHNSON
82
Her father was the superintendent of a shrimp and oyster factory, and her mother was very involved and enjoyed reading.
DOROTHY JOHNSON
83
In 1938, she finished her associate’s degree at Armstrong Junior College in Savannah, Georgia. Due to the Great Depression, she took a year off from school to be a governess, or teacher, for two children in Miami, Florida.
DOROTHY JOHNSON
84
4 GOALS OF NURSING
* To assist the patient whose behavior is proportional to social demands.
* To assist the patient who is able to modify his behavior in ways that it supports biological imperatives.
* To assist the patient who is able to benefit to the fullest extent during illness from the physician’s knowledge and skill.
* To assist the patient whose behavior does not give evidence of unnecessary trauma as a consequence of illness
85
expressed by the behavioral and biological scientists; that is, the output of intra organismic structures and processes as they are coordinated and articulated by and responsive to changes in sensory stimulation.
BEHAVIOR
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a whole that functions as a whole by virtue of the interdependence of its parts, that there is “organization, interaction, interdependency, and integration of the parts and elements
SYSTEM
87
is a patterned, repetitive, and purposeful ways of behaving. These ways of behaving form an organized and integrated functional unit that determines and limits the interaction between the person and his or her environment and establishes the relationship of the person to the objects, events, and situations within his or her environment.
BEHAVIORAL SYSTEM
88
is “a mini system with its own particular goal and function that can be maintained as long as its relationship to the other subsystems or the environment is not disturbed”
SUBSYSTEM
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Internal or external stimuli that produce tension and result in a degree of instability
STRESSOR
90
DEFINED PERSON AS
Human being as having two major systems, the biological system and the behavioral system. It is role of the medicine to focus on biological system whereas Nursling's focus is the behavioral system
DOROTHY JOHNSON
91
DEFINED ENVIRONMENT AS
any factor influencing the behavioral subsystem manipulated by the nurse to achieve health
DOROTHY JOHNSON
92
DEFINED HEALTH AS
the lack of balance in the structural or functional requirements of the subsystems leads to poor health
DOROTHY JOHNSON
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DOROTHY JOHNSON'S BEHAVIORAL SYSTEM MODEL CONTAINS WHAT
-DEPENDENCY
-AGGRESSIVE
-INGESTIVE/ELIMINATIVE
-SEXUAL
-ACHIEVEMENT
94
DEFINED NURSING AS
an external regulatory force which acts to preserve the organization and integration of the patient’s behaviors at an optimum level under those conditions in which the behaviors constitutes a threat to the physical or social health, or in which illness is found.
DOROTHY JOHNSON
95
(born October 14, 1939)
SISTER CALLISTA L. ROY
96
Adaptation model
SISTER CALLISTA L. ROY
97
She received her Bachelor of Arts Major in Nursing from Mount Saint Mary’s College in Los Angeles in 1963 and her master’s degree in nursing from the University of California in 1966.
SISTER CALLISTA L. ROY
98
The________focuses on the inter relatedness of four adaptive systems
(RAM) ROY ADAPTATION MODEL
99
It focuses on persons coping (adaptative) abilities in response to constantly to changing environment
ADAPTATION MODEL
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"_______represents the condition of the life processes described on three levels as integrated, compensatory, and compromised”
ADAPTATION LEVEL
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type of stimuli that the degree of change or stimulus more immediately confronting the person and the one to which the person must make adaptive response
focal
102
type of stimuli that are present to contribute to the behavior caused or precipitated by the focal stimuli
contextual
103
type of stimuli that are factors that may be affecting behavior but whose efforts are not validated
residual
104
“are innate or acquired ways of interacting with the changing environment”
Coping Processes
105
“are genetically determined or common to the species and are generally viewed as automatic processes; humans do not have to think about them”
Innate Coping Mechanisms Innate coping mechanisms
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“are developed through strategies such as learning. The experiences encountered throughout life contribute to customary responses to particular stimuli”
Acquired coping mechanisms
107
what are the four adaptation modes
1. physiological mechanism
2. self-concept
3. interdependence
4. role function
108
a major coping mechanism which responds automatically through physiological adaptive mode, responds automatically through neural, chemical, and endocrine coping processes
Regulator subsystem
109
a major coping subsystem responds to complex processes of perception and information processing, judgement and emotions
The cognator
110
defined people as
both individually and in groups, as holistic adaptive systems, complete with coping processes acting to maintain adaptation and to promote person and environment Transformations
callista roy
111
defined health as
the reflection of personal and environmental interactions that are adaptive.
callista roy
112
defined environment as
conditions, circumstances, and influences surrounding and affecting the development and behavior of individuals and groups
callista roy
113
defined nursing as
The goal of NURSING was the first major concept of her nursing model to be described. She identifies the unique function of nursing in promoting health
callista roy
114
System model
BETTY NEUMAN
115
born in september 11, 1924 near Lowell, Ohio.
BETTY NEUMAN
116
She grew up on a farm which later encouraged her to help people who are in need.
BETTY NEUMAN
117
Her father was a farmer who became sick and died at the age of 36.
BETTY NEUMAN
118
Her mother was a self-educated midwife that led the young Neuman to be always influenced by the commitment that took her away from home from time to time.
BETTY NEUMAN
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focuses on the different stressors patients have and ways to relieve the stress from the different stressors.
Neuman System Model
120
he role of the nurse is the to keep the system stable through out the three level of prevention; primary, secondary, and tertiary.
SYSTEM MODEL
121
* Clients are viewed as wholes whose parts are in dynamic interaction.
* The model considers all variables simultaneously affecting the client system: physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual.
WHOLISTIC APPROACH
122
A system is open when there is a continuous flow of input and processes, output, and feedback. Stress and reaction to stress are basic components of an open system
OPEN SYSTEM
123
The client as a system exchanges energy, information, and matter with the environment as well as other parts and subparts of the system as it uses available energy resources to move toward stability and Wholeness
FUNCTION OR PROCESS
124
For the client as a system, input and output are the matter, energy, and information that are exchanged between the client and the environment
* INPUT OR OUTPUT
125
System output in the form of matter, energy, and information serves as feedback for future input for corrective action to change, enhance, or stabilize the System
FEEDBACK
126
The client system is a composite of five variables (physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual) in interaction with the environment.
* CLIENT SYSTEM
127
5 TYPE OF STRESSOR
* Physiological stressors
* Psychological stressors
* Socio-cultural stressors
* Developmental stressors
* Spiritual stressors
128
three level of prevemtion
-primary
-secondary
-tertiary
129
viewed nursing as
concerned with the whole person. She views nursing as a “unique profession in that it is concerned with all of the variables affecting an individual’s response to stress
neuman
130
viewed person as
is a dynamic composite of interrelationships among physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual factors
neuman
131
viewed health as
a continuum of wellness to illness that is dynamic in nature and is constantly changing.
neuman
132
viewed environment as
all the internal and external factors that surround and influence the client system. Stressors (intrapersonal, interpersonal, and extrapersonal)
neuman
133
Interpersonal relations theory
HILDEGARD PEPLAU
134
SHE STATED THAT “The kind of person that the nurse becomes makes a substantial difference in what a patient will learn as he or she receives nursing care”
HILDEGARD PEPLAU
135
SEPTEMBER 01, 1909
HILDEGARD PEPLAU
136
* Pennsylvania - flu
* 1931- Pennsylvania school of nursing
* 1943- Bachelors in Interpersonal Psychology
* 1947- M.A. Psychiatric Nursing
* 1953- Ed.D in Curriculum development
* 1950-70’s- Clinical Specialist in Psychiatric Nursing
HILDEGARD PEPLAU
137
* CAREER
-Army Cops Nurse
-Professor
-Adviser to WHO, USSG, US Air Force, NIMH, and US policy
HILDEGARD PEPLAU
138
What emphasized the nurse-client relationship as the foundation of nursing practice
INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS THEORY
139
defined person as
A man who is an organism that lives in an unstable balance of a given system
A developing organism that tries to reduce anxiety caused by needs. (man; what is the client felt need)
HILDEGARD PEPLAU
140
defined nursing as
Significant, therapeutic interpersonal process. It functions cooperatively with human processes that present health as a possible goal for individuals. .(Nursing is a therapeutic = healing art or assisting the individuals who is in need of health care; Nursing can be viewed as interpersonal process because it involves interaction between 2 or more individuals with a common goal
HILDEGARD PEPLAU
141
defined health as
Symbolizes movement of the personality and other ongoing human processes that directs the person towards creative, constructive, productive and community living.
HILDEGARD PEPLAU
142
defined environment as
Forces outside the organism and in the context of the socially-approved way of living, from which vital human social processes are derived such as norms, customs, beliefs. (Peplau does not directly address society, environment but she encourage nurses to consider the patient’s culture and adjustment to the hospital routine)
HILDEGARD PEPLAU
143
WHAT ARE THE PHASES OF NURSE-PATIENT RELATIONSHIP
A. ORIENTATION PHASE
B. IDENTIFICATION PHASE
C.EXPLOITATION PHASE
D.RESOLUTION PHASE
144
WHAT PHASE
The individual has a felt need and seeks professional assistance. The nurse helps the patient recognize and understand his or her problem and determines his or her need for help.
-it starts when the patient meets the nurse as a stranger. ex: during ADMISSION in the hospital; effective communication = trust will be developed
- Get acquainted phase of the nurse of the nurse-patient relationship
- Preconceptions are worked through
- Parameters are established and met early levels of trust are developed
- Roles begin to be understood
ORIENTATION
145
WHAT PHASE
The patient identifies with those who can help him/her (relatedness; nurse is the resource person). The nurse permits exploration of feelings to aid the patient in undergoing illness
-Strengthen positive forces in the personality, and provides needed satisfaction. (patient is helpless)
- The client begins to identify problems to be worked on within relationship
- The goal of the nurse: help the patient to recognize his/her own interdependent/participation role and promote responsibility for self
IDENTIFICATION
146
WHAT PHASE
The nurse and the patient strive to have a balance between dependence and independence. The plan of action is implemented and evaluated. (client makes full use of the services offered; interpersonal process are fully utilized, full benefit). Ex: teacher roles, nursing intervention
- Client’s trust of nurse reached full potential
- Client making full use of nursing services
- Solving immediate problems
- Identifying and orienting self to [discharge] goals
EXPLOITATION
147
letting go phase
-The processes where the patient frees himself from identification with the nurse. (during discharge)
-Client no longer need professional services and gave up dependence.
-Nurse-patient relationship is terminated. Evaluate the process if goal is met.
- Client met need
- Mutual termination of relationship
- Sense of security is formed
- Patient is less reliant on nurse
- Increased self-reliance to deal with own problems
RESOLUTION
148
This type of process is based on the theory proposed by Peplau and particularly useful in helping psychiatric patients become receptive for therapy. Often referred as PSYCHOLOGICAL MOTHERING,
INTERPERSONAL THERAPEUTIC PROCESS
149
the patient is accepted unconditionally as a participant in a relationship that satisfies his needs;
ACCEPTANCE
150
there is recognition of and response to the patient’s readiness for growth, as his initiative;
RECOGNITION
151
power in the relationships shifts to the patient, as the patient is able to delay gratification and to invest in goal achievement.
POWER
152
WHAT ARE THE 7 NURSING ROLES
-STRANGER
-RESOURCE
-TEACHING
-COUNCELING
-SURROGATE
-ACTIVE LEADERSHIP
-TECHNICAL EXPERT
153
WHAT ROLE
Receives the client the same way one meets a stranger in other life situations; provides an accepting climate that build trust. Offering the client the same acceptance and courtesy that the nurse would respond to any stranger. (orientation phase)
STRANGER
154
WHAT ROLE
Answers questions, interprets clinical treatment data, gives information (for patient to understand her situation, sickness, med terms)
RESOURCE
155
WHAT ROLE
Gives instructions and provides training; involves analysis and synthesis of the learner’s experience. Helping the client to learn formally or informally (health teaching = learning process)
TEACHING
156
WHAT ROLE
Helps client understand and integrate the meaning of current life circumstances; provides guidance and encouragement to make changes. Promoting experiences leading to health for the client such as expression of feelings.
COUNSELING
157
WHAT ROLE
Helps client clarify domains of dependence, interdependence, and independence and act on clients behalf as advocate. Serving as a substitute for another such as a parent or a sibling.
SURROGATE
158
WHAT ROLE
Helps client assume maximum responsibility for meeting treatment goals in a mutually satisfying way. Offering direction to the client or group
ACTIVE LEADERSHIP
159
WHAT ROLE
Provides physical care by displaying clinical skills; operates equipment
TECHNICAL EXPERT
160
Nursing Process Theory
IDA JEAN ORLANDO
161
IDA JEAN ORLANDO'S BIRTHDATE
AUGUST 21, 1919
162
* 1947- diploma in nursing from New York Medical College, Flower Fifth Avenue Hospital School of Nursing
IDA JEAN ORLANDO
163
1951- bachelor of science in public health from st. John university, brooklyn
IDA JEAN ORLANDO
164
* 1954- master of arts in mental health consultation in columbia university teachers college
IDA JEAN ORLANDO
165
____________rooted in the interaction between a nurse and a patient at a specific time and place
Nursing Process discipline
166
This sets the nursing process discipline in motion. All patient behavior, no matter how insignificant, must be considered an expression of need for help until its meaning to a particular patient in the immediate situation is understood.
Patient Behavior
167
The patient’s behavior reflects distress when the patient experiences a need that he cannot resolve, a sense of helplessness occurs. Some categories of patient distress are: “physical limitations,... adverse reactions to the setting and ... experiences which prevent the patient from communicating his needs
Distress
168
* The patient perceives objects with his or her five senses.
* These perceptions stimulate automatic thought;
* Each thought stimulates an automatic feeling =
* Causing the patient to ACT.
Immediate Reaction – Internal Response
169
The patient behavior stimulated a ______________, which marks the beginning of the nursing process discipline. This reaction is comprised of three sequential parts (Orlando, 1972).
nurse reaction
170
Orlando (1990) includes “only what she [the nurse] says or does with or for the benefit of the patient” as professional nursing action. “The nurse initiates a process of exploration to ascertain how the patient is affected by what she says or does.”
Nurse’s Action
171
The nurse can act in two ways
automatic or deliberative.
172
“those decided upon for reasons other than the patient’s immediate need,”
Automatic actions
173
ascertain and meet this need.
Deliberative actions
174
defined human being as
Humans in need are the focus of nursing practice.
orlando
175
defined health as
➢ Health is replaced by a sense of helplessness as the initiator of a necessity for nursing.
➢ She stated that nursing deals with individuals who require help.
orlando
176
defined environment as
➢ not defined directly but implicitly in the immediate need context for a patient
orlando
177
defined nursing as
➢ as unique and independent in its concerns for an individual’s need for help in an immediate situation.
➢ The efforts to meet the individual’s need for help are carried out in an interactive situation and in a disciplined manner that requires proper training
orlando
178
labels the purpose of nursing to supply the help a patient needs for their needs to be met. If the patient has an immediate need for help, and the nurse discovers and meets that need, the purpose of nursing has been achieved.
The Nursing Process Discipline Theory
179
what are the steps in nursing process
-assessment
-diagnosis
-planning
-implementation
-evaluation
180
➢ the nurse looks at the progress of the patient toward the goals set in the nursing care plan.
➢ E.g Met or Not Met
➢ Changes can be made to the nursing care plan based on how well or poorly the patient is progressing towards the goal. So, they can be address
evaluation
181
➢ the nurse’s clinical judgment about health problems. The diagnosis can then be confirmed using links to defining characteristics, related factors, and risk factors found in the patient’s assessment. {Actual and Potential Health problems}
-Actual problems: identified by the nurse that are already existing (pain)
-Potential: nursing health problem that may occur because of some present of risk factors.
diagnosis
182
➢ each of the problems identified in the diagnosis is given a specific goal or outcome, and each goal or outcome is given nursing interventions to help achieve the goal. By the end of this stage, the nurse will have a nursing care plan. (blueprint of our nursing process; to ensure a positive outcome and goal setting, SMART and determine whether it’s short term or long term goal)
planning
183
➢ the nurse begins using the nursing care plan { Independent, Dependent, Collaborative} through nursing action.
-Actual carrying out of intervention (ex: standard treatment protocols)
-Independent – cardiac monitoring, direct care (own knowledge and experience)
-Dependent – order by the doctors
-Collaborative – help with other health professionals (psychologists)
implementation
184
Need theory
VIRGINIA HENDERSON
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* The Nightingale of Modern Nursing
* Modern-Day Mother of Nursing
* The 20th century Florence Nightingale
VIRGINIA HENDERSON
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was born on November 30, 1897 in Kansas City, Missouri,
Virginia Henderson
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the fifth of eight children in her family
Virginia Henderson
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graduated from the Army school of nursing at walter reed hospital in washington, d.c. In 1932, she earned her bachelor’s degree in nursing education, from teachers college at columbia university
Henderson
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Introduced the THE NATURE OF NURSING MODEL (definitions and components of nursing)
* Virginia Henderson
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Identified 14 basic of the nursing is to assist the clients, sick or well, in the performance of activities contributing to health or to its recovery
* Virginia Henderson
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defined nursing as DOING THINGS FOR PATIENTS THAT THEY WOULD DO FOR THEMSELVES IF THEY COULD, THAT IS IF THEY WERE PHYSICALLY ABLE OR HAD THE REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE”
* Virginia Henderson
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She believed that patient-focused nursing was the most beneficial kind of nursing
* Virginia Henderson
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defined person as
Individual requiring assistance to achieve health and independence and peaceful death. Someone who is in need of basic health component, and someone that requires assistance and does not have autonomy.
-She stated that mind and body are connected in any aspect of a human being, this includes components like biological, psychological, sociological, spiritual and etc.
* Virginia Henderson
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defined environment as
All external conditions and influences that affect life and development. 2.a setting that would contribute to the person discovering different pattern for living, in short, an influence. It also affects the life and growth development of the person. The environment does not only apply to the literal environment,
-It also includes the relationship between person and families.
virginia henderson
195
defined health as
Equated with independence, in terms of the client’s ability to perform 14 components of nursing care unaided
-We should stress out on disease prevention and health promotion of our client.
-Achieving good health is a challenge because there are tons of factors that hinders us from reaching it, these are age, cultural background, lifestyle, gender, emotional balance, etc.
* Virginia Henderson
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She believed nursing as primarily complementing the patient by supplying what he needs
* Virginia Henderson
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she strongly believes in getting inside the skin of her patients
* Virginia Henderson
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“ I believed that the function the nurse performs is primarily and independent one- that acting for the patient when he lacks knowledge, physical strength, or the will to act for himself”
* Virginia Henderson
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21 NURSING PROBLEM
FAYE GLENN ABDELLAH
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* March 13, 1919- February 24, 2017
FAYE GLENN ABDELLAH
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Introduced “Patient-Centered Approaches in Nursing Model
FAYE GLENN ABDELLAH
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Introduced “Patient-Centered Approaches in Nursing Model
FAYE GLENN ABDELLAH
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This theory was created to assist with nursing education, and is most applicable to the education of nurses
Patient-centered approach
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According to _______, nursing is based on art and science that mold the attitudes, intellectual competencies, and technical skills of the individual nurse into the desire and ability to help people, sick or well, cope with their health needs.
faye
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They identified 10 steps to identify the client’s problems and 11 nursing skills to be used in developing a treatment typology
Abdellah and colleagues
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defined person as
People having 21 physical, emotional ad sociological nursing problems. The patient’s needs may be overt which is obvious and consist of physical needs or covert, hidden and concealed because it is emotional, sociological and interpersonal in nature
faye
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defined health as
It is not clearly specified, although, total needs and a healthy state of mind is comprehensively inclued in her concept of nursing.
faye
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defined nursing as
Is an art or science aiming to help people cope with needs, it involves service to an individual, family and society.
faye
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defined environment as
The focus is on individual, family and society. Society is served by serving individuals.
faye
210
CULTURAL CARE DIVERSITY AND UNIVERSALITY THEORY
MADELEINE LEININGER
211
____________worldview flows into knowledge about individuals, families, groups, communities, and institutions in diverse health care systems. This knowledge provides culturally specific meanings and expressions in relation to care and health. The next focus is on the generic or folk system, professional care system(s), and nursing care. Information about these systems includes the characteristics and the specific care features of each. This information allows for the identification of similarities and differences or cultural care universality and cultural care diversity.
culture care
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_______decisions and actions which involve cultural care preservation/maintenance, cultural care accommodation/negotiation and cultural care re-patterning or restructuring. It is here that nursing care is delivered.
nursing care
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is the study of nursing care beliefs, values, and practices as cognitively perceived and known by a designated culture through their direct experience, beliefs, and value system (Leininger, 1979).
Ethnonursing
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______ is defined as a learned humanistic and scientific profession and discipline which is focused on human care phenomena and activities in order to assist, support, facilitate, or enable individuals or groups to maintain or regain their well-being (or health) in culturally meaningful and beneficial ways, or to help people face handicaps or death
nursing
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______________________is defined as formal and cognitively learned professional care knowledge and practice skills obtained through educational institutions that are used to provide assistive, supportive, enabling, or facilitative acts to or for another individual or group in order to improve a human health condition (or well-being), disability, lifeway, or to work with dying clients.
Professional nursing care (caring)
216
__________is defined as those cognitively based assistive, supportive, facilitative, or enabling acts or decisions that are tailor-made to fit with individual, group, or institutional cultural values, beliefs, and lifeways in order to provide or support meaningful, beneficial, and satisfying health care, or well-being services.
Cultural congruent (nursing) care
217
defined as a learned subfield or branch of nursing which focuses upon the comparative study and analysis of cultures with respect to nursing and health-illness caring practices, beliefs, and values with the goal to provide meaningful and efficacious nursing care services to people according to their cultural values and health-illness context.
Transcultural nursing
218
is a state of well-being that is culturally defined, valued, and practiced, and which reflects the ability of individuals (or groups) to perform their daily role activities in culturally expressed, beneficial, and patterned lifeways.
health MADELEINE LEININGER
219
are believed to be caring and to be capable of being concerned about the needs, well-being, and survival of others. Leininger also indicates that nursing as a caring science should focus beyond traditional nurse-patient interactions and dyads to include families, groups, communities, total cultures, and institutions.
human beinga MADELEINE LEININGER
220
______is the way in which people look at the world, or at the universe, and form a “picture or value stance” about the world and their lives.
worldview
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is the learned, shared and transmitted values, beliefs, norms, and lifeways of a particular group that guides their thinking, decisions, and actions in patterned ways.
culture
222
are defined as involving the dynamic patterns and features of interrelated structural and organizational factors of a particular culture (subculture or society) which includes religious, kinship (social), political (and legal), economic, educational, technologic and cultural values, ethnohistorical factors, and how these factors may be interrelated and function to influence human behavior in different environmental contexts.
Cultural and social structure dimensions
223
is defined as the subjectively and objectively learned and transmitted values, beliefs, and patterned lifeways that assist, support, facilitate, or enable another individual or group to maintain their well-being, health, improve their human condition and lifeway, or to deal with illness, handicaps or death.
cultural care
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is defined as the subjectively and objectively learned and transmitted values, beliefs, and patterned lifeways that assist, support, facilitate, or enable another individual or group to maintain their well-being, health, improve their human condition and lifeway, or to deal with illness, handicaps or death.
cultural care
225
indicates the variabilities and/or differences in meanings, patterns, values, lifeways, or symbols of care within or between collectives that are related to assistive, supportive, or enabling human care expressions.
Culture care diversity indicates the variabilities
226
indicates the common, similar, or dominant uniform care meanings, pattern, values, lifeways or symbols that are manifest among many cultures and reflect assistive, supportive, facilitative, or enabling ways to help people. (Leininger, 1991)
Culture care universality
227
are culturally learned and transmitted, indigenous (or traditional), folk (home-based) knowledge and skills used to provide assistive, supportive, enabling, or facilitative acts toward or for another individual, group, or institution with evident or anticipated needs to ameliorate or improve a human life way, health condition (or well-being), or to deal with handicaps and death situations.
Generic (folk or lay) care systems are culturally
228
Knowledge gained from direct experience or directly from those who have experienced. It is generic or folk knowledge.
emic
229
Knowledge which describes the professional perspective. It is professional care knowledge.
ethic
230
THREE MODES OF NURSING CARE DECISIONS AND ACTIONS
Cultural care preservation
(b) Cultural care accommodation
Culture care repatterning, or restructuring
231
is also known as maintenance and includes those assistive, supporting, facilitative, or enabling professional actions and decisions that help people of a particular culture to retain and/or preserve relevant care values so that they can maintain their well-being, recover from illness, or face handicaps and/or death.
Cultural care preservation
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also known as negotiation, includes those assistive, supportive, facilitative, or enabling creative professional actions and decisions that help people of a designated culture to adapt to or negotiate with others for a beneficial or satisfying health outcome with professional care providers.
(b) Cultural care accommodation
233
includes those assistive, supporting, facilitative, or enabling professional actions and decisions that help a client(s) reorder, change, or greatly modify their lifeways for new, different, and beneficial health care pattern while respecting the client(s) cultural values and beliefs and still providing a beneficial or healthier lifeway than before the changes were coestablished with the client(s). (Leininger, 1991)
Culture care repatterning, or restructuring
234
may result when an outsider attempts to comprehend or adapt effectively to a different cultural group. The outsider is likely to experience feelings of discomfort and helplessness and some degree of disorientation because of the differences in cultural values, beliefs, and practices.
Culture shock
235
refers to efforts of the outsider, both subtle and not so subtle, to impose his or her own cultural values, beliefs, behaviors upon an individual, family, or group from another culture. (Leininger, 1978)
Cultural imposition
236
THEORY OF HUMAN BECOMING (MAN-LIVING-HEALTH THEORY)
ROSEMARIE RIZZO PARSE
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guides the practice of nurses to focus on quality of life as it is described and lived. The human becoming theory of nursing presents an alternative to both the conventional bio-medical approach as well as the bio-psycho-social-spiritual approach of most other theories and models of nursing.
ROSEMARIE RIZZO PARSE
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Rizzo Parse first published the theory in 1981 as the ___________________theory, and the name was changed to the "human becoming theory" in 1992.
"Man-living-health"
239
The theory "human becoming theory" is structured around three abiding themes:
meaning, rhythmicity, and transcendence.
240
Man's reality is given meaning through lived experiences. In addition, man and environment co-create. has three concepts:
(1) imaging, (2) valuing, and (3) languaging.
241
is a process of knowing and of coming to know as persons accept and reject ideas, values, beliefs and practices consistent with their worldview
Imaging
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–is the process of choosing and embracing what is important. ersons are continuously confirming-not confirming beliefs as they are making choices about how to think, act, and feel, and these choices may be consistent with prior choices, or they may be radically different and require a shifting of value priorities.
Valuing
243
it is about the way persons are with the world and in relationships with others and self
Languaging
244
states that human becoming is co-creating rhythmical patterns of relating in mutual process with the universe.
Rhythmicity
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disclosing-not disclosing Revealing-concealing is the way persons disclose and keep hidden, all-at-once, the persons they are becoming There is always more to tell and more to know about ourselves as well as others Some aspects of reality and experience remain concealed.
* The paradox linked with revealing-concealing
246
restricting Enabling-limiting represents the potentials and opportunities that surface with the restrictions and obstacles of everyday living. Every choice, even those made prereflectively, has potentials and restrictions
linked with the paradox potentiating
247
limiting is about choosing from the possibilities and living with the consequences of those choices. Nurses are helpful to others as they contemplate the options and anticipated consequences of difficult choices.
Enabling
248
This concept relates to the ways persons create patterns of connecting and separating with people and projects. The patterns created reveal value priorities.
* paradox linked with connecting-separating is attending-distancing.
249
is separating is about communion-aloneness and the ways people separate from some to join with others
Connecting-separating
250
explains that human becoming is co-transcending multidimensionally with emerging possibilities. It refers to reaching out and beyond the limits a person sets, and that one constantly transforms.
Transcendence
251
is the pushing-resisting process that propels people in life. It involves the way persons consider the possibilities that lie ahead and how they choose to go on and find a way to be with situations
Powering
252
people strive to be like others while simultaneously striving to be unique and different from others.. It is the unique choices people make when facing alternatives, and the consequences of those choices
Originating
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is about integrating unfamiliar ideas or activities into one’s life. This represents a process of deliberately shifting one’s patterns of health
* Transforming
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"the indivisible unbounded knowing extended to infinity, the all-at-once remembering and prospecting with the moment.“
Illimitability
255
"an intricate rhythm expressed as a pattern preference." Paradoxes are not "opposites to be reconciled or dilemmas to be overcome but, rather, lived rhythms."
Paradox
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is "contextually construed liberation." People are free to continuously choose ways of being with their situations.
Freedom
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is "the unexplainable, that which cannot be completely known."
Mystery
258
defined nursing as
(referred to as "man" throughout the theory) as an open being who is more than and different from the sum of the parts.
parse
259
defined environment as
everything in the person and his or her experiences. The environment is inseparable from the person, as well as complementary to and evolving with the person.
parse
260
defined person as
(referred to as "man" throughout the theory) as an open being who is more than and different from the sum of the parts.
parse
261
PARSE’S THEORY INCLUDES A SYMBOL WITH THREE ELEMENTS
* The black and white colors
* The joining in the center of the symbol
* The green and black swirls intertwining
262
represent the opposite paradox significant to ontology of human becoming,
The black and white colors
263
represents hope.
green
264
represents the co-created mutual human universe process at the ontological level, and the nurse-patient process.
* The joining in the center of the symbol
265
represent the human-universe co-creation as an ongoing process of becoming.
The green and black swirls intertwining
266
HUMAN-TO-HUMAN RELATIONSHIP MODEL
JOYCE TRAVELBEE
267
December 14, 1926- September 2, 1973
JOYCE TRAVELBEE
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A sick person finding meaning in illness and suffering and human-to-human relationship
CENTRAL THEME
269
defined person as
- Person is defined as a human being.
- Both the nurse and the patient are human beings.
- A human being is a unique, irreplaceable individual who is in continuous process of becoming, evolving and changing.
travelbee
270
defined health as
- Health is subjective and objective.
- Subjective health—is an individually defined state of well being in accord with self-appraisal of physical-emotional-spiritual status.
- Objective health—is an absence of discernible disease, disability of defect as measured by physical examination, laboratory tests and assessment by spiritual director or psychological counselor.
travelbee
271
defined environment as
- Environment is not clearly defined.
- She defined human conditions and life experiences encountered by all men as sufferings, hope, pain and illness.
Illness – being unhealthy, but rather explored the human experience of illness
travelbee
272
is a feeling of displeasure which ranges from simple transitory mental, physical or spiritual discomfort to extreme anguish and to those phases beyond anguish—the malignant phase of dispairful “not caring” and apathetic indifference
1.“an experience that varies in intensity, duration and depth…a feeling of unease, ranging from mild, transient mental, physical or mental discomfort to extreme pain and extreme tortured…”
Suffering
273
is not observable. A unique experience. ______is a lonely experience that is difficult to communicate fully to another individual.
pain
274
the desire to gain an end or accomplish a goal combined with some degree of expectation that what is desired or sought is attainable
hope
275
being devoid of hope
Hopelessness
276
the ability to use one’s personality consciously and in full awareness in attempt to establish relatedness and to structure nursing interventions
Refers to the nurse’s presence, “a physical ‘being there’, ans psychological being with a patient for the purpose of meeting the patient’s health care needs.”
Therapeutic use of self-
277
begin with the original encounter and then progress through stages of emerging identities, developing feelings of empathy, and later feelings of sympathy.
human-to-human relationships
278
human-to-human relationships has five which include:
-the inaugural meeting or original encounter
-visibility of personal identities/ emerging identities
-empathy
-sympathy
-establishing mutual understanding and contact/ rapport
279
INTERACTIONAL PHASES OF HUMAN-TO-HUMAN RELATIONSHIP MODEL
1. Original Encounter
2. Emerging Identities
3. Empathy
4. Sympathy
5. Rapport
280
1.- First impression by the nurse of the sick person and vice-versa.
- Stereotyped or traditional roles
1. Original Encounter
281
- the time when relationship begins
- the nurse and patient perceives each others uniqueness
2. Emerging Identities
282
- the ability to share in the person’s experience
3. Empathy
283
- when the nurse wants to lessen the cause of patient’s suffering.
- it goes beyond empathy—“When one sympathizes, one is involved but not incapacitated by the involvement.”
- therapeutic use of self
4. Sympathy
284
is described as nursing interventions that lessens the patient’s suffering.
- Relation as human being to human being
- “A nurse is able to establish rapport because she possesses the necessary knowledge and skills required to assist ill persons and because she is able to perceive, respond to and appreciate the uniqueness of the ill human being.”
5. Rapport
285
CONSERVATION MODEL
MYRA ESTRIN LEVINE
286
CONSERVATION MODEL
Model is based on three major concepts and assumptions:
1)conservation;
2)adaptation;
3)wholeness.
287
myra estrin levine's birthdate
december 12, 1920
288
the keeping together of the life system.
is about achieving a balance of energy supply and demand that is within the unique biological realities of the individual
Conservation
289
Four conservation principles
1.Conservation of energy
2.Conservation of structural integrity
3.Conservation of personal integrity
4.Conservation of social integrity
290
refers to balancing energy input and output to excessive fatigue. Includes adequate rest, nutrition and exercise
Conservation of energy
291
refers to maintaining or restoring the structure of the body preventing physical breakdown and promoting healing
Conservation of structural integrity
292
recognizes the individual as one who strives for recognition, respect, self-awareness, self-determination
Conservation of personal integrity
293
an individual is recognized as one who has family and friends, community, workplace and school, religion, personal choices, political system, cultural ethnic heritage & nation
Conservation of social integrity
294
is achieved through the frugal, economic, contained, and controlled use of environmental resources by the individual on his or her best interest
ADAPTATION
295
THREE CONCEPTS OF ADAPTATION
Historicity
Specificity
Redundancy
296
Adaptation is a historical process, responses are based on past experiences, both personal and genetic
Historicity
297
Adaptation is also specific. Each system has very specific responses. The physiologic responses that “defend oxygen supply to the brain are distinct from those that maintain the appropriate blood glucose levels.”
Specificity
298
Although the changes that occur are sequential, they should not be viewed as linear. Rather, Levine describes them as occurring in “cascades” in which there is an interacting and evolving effect in which one sequence is not yet completed when the next begins.
Redundancy
299
“Patient centered nursing care means individualized nursing care. It is predicated on the reality of common experience: every man is a unique individual, and as such he requires a unique constellation of skills, techniques and ideas designed specifically for him.”
levine
300
individual respond with their sense organs
Perceptual environment
301
physically affect the individual but not perceived by the latter
Operational environment
302
CARE, CORE, CURE
LYDIA E. HALL
303
* September 21, 1906- February 27, 1969
LYDIA E. HALL
304
“To look at and listen to self is often too difficult without the help of a significant figure (nurturer) who has learned how to hold up a mirror and sounding board to invite the behavior to look and listen to himself. If he accepts the invitation, he will explore the concerns in his acts and as he listens to his exploration through the reflection of the nurse, he may uncover in sequence his difficulties, the problem area, his problem, and eventually the threat which is dictating his out-of-control behavior.”
Hall (1965)
305
The individual human who is 16 years of age or older and past the acute stage of a long-term illness
focus of nursing care in Hall’s work.
306
The source of energy and motivation for healing
individual care recipient, not the health care provider.
307
defined health as
a state of self-awareness with conscious selection of behaviors that are optimal for that individual.
hall
308
developed the concept of Loeb Center
hall
309
focuses on providing an environment that is conducive to self-development.
Loeb Center
310
It represents the nurturing component of nursing and is exclusive to nursing. Nurturing involves using the factors that make up the concept of mothering (care and comfort of the person) and provide for teaching-learning activities. The professional nurse provides bodily care for the patient and helps the patient complete such basic daily biological functions as eating, bathing, elimination, and dressing. When providing this care, the nurse’s goal is the comfort of the patient.
care circle
311
It is based in the social sciences, involves the therapeutic use of self, and is shared with other members of the health team. The professional nurse, by developing an interpersonal relationship with the patient, is able to help the patient verbally express feelings regarding the disease process and its effects. Through such expression, the patient is able to gain self-identity and further develop maturity. The professional nurse, by the use of reflective technique (acting as a mirror to the patient), helps the patient look at and explore feelings regarding his or her current health status and related potential changes in lifestyle. Motivations are discovered through the process of bringing into awareness the feelings being experienced. With this awareness, the patient is now able to make conscious decisions based on understood and accepted feelings and motivation.
core circle
312
It is based in the pathological and therapeutic sciences and is shared with other members of the health team. During this aspect of nursing care, the nurse is an active advocate of the patient.
cure circle
313
HEALTH AS EXPANDING CONSCIOUSNESS
MARGARET NEWMAN
314
October 10, 1933- December 18, 2018
MARGARET NEWMAN
315
bachelor’s degree- university of Tennessee in 1962
MARGARET NEWMAN
316
THEORETICAL SOURCES OF MARGARET NEWMAN
* Martha Rogers- theory of unitary human beings
* Itzhak Bentov- the concept of evolution of consciousness
* Arthur Young- the theory of process
* David Bohm- the theory of implicate
* Prigogine- thery of dissipative structure
317
DEFINED HEALTH AS
health and illness are simply manifestations f the rhythmic fluctuations of the life process is the foundation for viewing health and illness as a unitary process moving through variations in order-disorder. From this standpoint, one can no longer think of health and illness in the dichotomous way characterized by medical science; that is, health as absence of disease or health as a continuum from wellness to illness. Health and the evolving pattern of consciousness are the same.
NEWMAN
318
identified by her or his pattern, which reflects the pattern of the person within the larger pattern of the environment.
PATTERN
319
Defined as the informal capacity of the system(in this case, the human being) that is, the ability of the system to interact with the environment.
CONSCIOUSNESS
320
THREE CORRELATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS
* movement
* time
* space
321
DEFINED NURSING AS*
“caring in the human health experience”
* nursing is seen as a partnership between the nurse and client, with both grow in the “sense of higher levels of consciousness”
NEWMAN
322
DEFINED PERSON AS
* “the human is unitary, that is cannot be divided into parts, and is inseparable from the larger unitary field”
* ‘persons as individuals, and human beings as a species are identified by their patterns of consciousness”
* “the person does not possess consciousness-the person is consciousness”
* persons are” centers of consciousness” within an overall pattern of expanding consciousness
NEWMAN
323
DEFINED ENVIRONMENT AS
“universe of open systems”
NEWMAN
324
DEFINED HEALTH AS
* health and illness are synthesized as health- the fusion on one state of being (disease) with its opposites (non-disease) results in what can be regarded as heath
NEWMAN
