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Genetics > Mating Systems > Flashcards

Mating Systems Flashcards

1
Q

list and describe the 2 types of mating systems?

A
  1. random: Hardy-Weinberg, genotypic frequencies dependent upon allelic frequencies
  2. non-random: strategic for genetic change
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2
Q

what are the 2 types of strategies for genetic change?

A

selection and mating systems

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3
Q

describe selection

A

deciding which individuals to retain as parents who will contribute to subsequent generation

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4
Q

what are the 2 goals of selection?

A
  1. increase frequencies of alleles with desirable effects

2. decrease frequency of alleles with undesirable effects

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5
Q

describe mating systems

A

which males mated to which females

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6
Q

what does the application of mating systems lead to?

A

further changes in allelic frequency beyond those accomplished by selection

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7
Q

what do mating systems do to genotypic frequencies?

A

alters them, changes the proportion of homozygous to heterozygous individuals in offspring generation

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8
Q

what are the 2 kinds of mating systems?

A

random and nonrandom

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9
Q

describe random mating systems

A

Hardy Weinberg, any male can mate with any female, and there is no attempt by a breeder to pair specific mates

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10
Q

describe what happens in nonrandom mating systems

A

the expected proportion of homozygous and heterozygous individuals deviate from HW expectations

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11
Q

what two ways is assignment of mates in nonrandom mating systems based on?

A
  1. genetic relationship

2. phenotypic similarity

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12
Q

what are the 2 ways of assigning mates based on genetic relationship in nonrandom mating?

A
  1. inbreeding

2. outbreeding

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13
Q

what are the two ways of assigning mates based on pehnotypic similarity in nonrandom mating?

A
  1. positive assortative

2. negative assortative/dissasortative

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14
Q

what is inbreeding?

A

attempt to make individuals more homozygous for superior genes of ancestor, mating between members more related than average of population

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15
Q

what is the inbreeding coefficient?

A

the probability that 2 alleles at a locus are identical by descent (IBD), a reflection of the increased proportion of homozygous loci in an individual, quantified by Fx

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16
Q

what is outbreeding?

A

increases heterozygosity, used in commercial meat animal production, mating between individuals less related than average of the population

17
Q

what is the genetic effect of outbreeding?

A

hybrid vigor, or heterosis

18
Q

what is phenotypic similarity based on?

A

performance

19
Q

what is positive assortative mating?

A

mating a male and female because they resemble each other closely (for a trait) than if chosen at random from the population

20
Q

what is negative assortative/dissassortative mating?

A

mating a male and female because they resemble each other less closely (for a trait) than if chosen at random from the population

21
Q

what must be true in order for offspring to be considered inbred?

A

sire and dam must be genetically related

22
Q

what does Fx (inbreeding coefficient) measure?

A

the percent increase in homozygous gene pairs in the individual relative to the average of the breed

23
Q

what will the Fx value of most head of livestock not exceed?

A

0.5

24
Q

what does IBS mean?

A

identical by state, or by chance, no common ancestor

25
Q

what is the genetic result of inbreeding?

A

increase in homozygosity beyond what would be found in a randomly mating population

26
Q

what is linebreeding?

A

a less intense form of linebreeding to concentrate the genes of one common ancestor by mating individuals within a particular line, designed to maintain a high degree of relationship to a highly regarded ancestor

27
Q

where is linebreeding most commonly used?

A

the horse industry

28
Q

what are the 6 effects of inbreeding?

A
  1. Prepotency
  2. Expression of deleterious recessive alleles
  3. Inbreeding depression
  4. Tends to “fix” characteristics (traits) in a population
  5. Concentrate genes in a population: can be good or bad
  6. Increases probability of getting similar genes to offspring from ancestor
29
Q

describe prepotency

A

performance of offspring is especially like that of the parent

30
Q

does inbreeding create deleterious recessive alleles?

A

no, it just increases their expression

31
Q

describe inbreeding depression

A

acts of quantitative traits, is a decrease in the performance of inbreds for trait like fertility and survivability, the result of an unfavorable GCV

32
Q

what is additive genetic relationship?

A

the proportion of genes which 2 individuals have in common; describes the added genetic likeness of the 2 individuals in question, a numerical value from 0-1

33
Q

what does genetic relationship attempt to do?

A

quantify the proportion of genes within 2 individuals that are identical by descent

34
Q

what is the variable the represents genetic relationship?

A

Rxy

Genetics (8 decks)

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